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The use of hormonal contraception is a common method used by women of childbearing age to prevent pregnancy. However, this method is often associated with side effects, one of which is spotting or light bleeding outside the menstrual cycle. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the type of hormonal contraception and the incidence of spotting in the Sonuo Village Health Center  area. This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 37 respondents selected by total sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the chi-square test with the help of SPSS software. The results showed that the majority of respondents used injectable contraception (62.2%), followed by implants (24.3%) and pills (13.5%). Most injectable users experienced spotting (82.6%), while implant users more often experienced amenorrhea (77.8%). The chi-square test showed a significant relationship between the type of hormonal contraception and the incidence of spotting (p-value = 0.000). The conclusion of this study is that the type of hormonal contraception affects the incidence of spotting, where injectables cause spotting more often than other methods. Education about the side effects of hormonal contraception needs to be increased so that users can choose a method that suits their body condition.

The use of hormonal contraception is a common method used by women of childbearing age to prevent pregnancy. However, this method is often associated with side effects, one of which is spotting or light bleeding outside the menstrual cycle. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the type of hormonal contraception and the incidence of spotting in the Sonuo Village Health Center  area. This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 37 respondents selected by total sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the chi-square test with the help of SPSS software. The results showed that the majority of respondents used injectable contraception (62.2%), followed by implants (24.3%) and pills (13.5%). Most injectable users experienced spotting (82.6%), while implant users more often experienced amenorrhea (77.8%). The chi-square test showed a significant relationship between the type of hormonal contraception and the incidence of spotting (p-value = 0.000). The conclusion of this study is that the type of hormonal contraception affects the incidence of spotting, where injectables cause spotting more often than other methods. Education about the side effects of hormonal contraception needs to be increased so that users can choose a method that suits their body condition.

Population policy in Indonesia represents a key government effort to regulate and control population growth. One of the most significant strategies in managing population growth is Family Planning, which helps reduce the rate of fertility and support healthier families. Among the various contraceptive methods, the IUD (Intrauterine Device) is a non-hormonal option that is commonly used by Fertile Age Couples (FACs). The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between the level of knowledge and the interest in the IUD contraceptive method among couples in the Puskesmas Pugaan area. This research employed an analytical approach using a cross-sectional design. The population for this study included all fertile couples in the Pugaan Health Center area. A purposive sampling technique was applied, selecting a sample of 20 participants. Data were collected through questionnaires, and the data were analyzed using the chi-square test with the SPSS version 25 software. The study found that 12 participants (60%) had good knowledge of IUDs, 5 participants (25%) had sufficient knowledge, and 3 participants (15%) had poor knowledge. Regarding interest in using IUDs, 16 participants (80%) expressed an interest, while 4 participants (20%) were not interested in using the IUD. The chi-square statistical test yielded a P value of 0.000 (P < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant relationship between knowledge level and interest in the IUD contraceptive method. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that there is a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and the interest in using IUD contraception at Puskesmas Pugaan. These findings suggest that improving the knowledge of couples about contraceptive methods like the IUD may play a crucial role in increasing interest and usage rates, contributing to more effective population control efforts

Back pain is one of the most common complaints experienced by pregnant women, especially during the third trimester of pregnancy. This discomfort is generally caused by physiological and biomechanical changes in the body, such as an increase in body weight, a shift in the center of gravity, and hormonal changes that affect muscle and joint flexibility. If not managed properly, back pain can reduce mobility, interfere with daily activities, and impact the quality of life of pregnant women. One safe and non-pharmacological method to reduce back pain is prenatal massage therapy. This study aimed to determine the effect of prenatal massage on reducing back pain among pregnant women in the third trimester at Primary Health Care (PHC) Bulango. This research used a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The sample consisted of 30 pregnant women in their third trimester who were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out using observation and interviews with a numerical pain rating scale administered before and after the prenatal massage intervention. The massage sessions were performed following standardized prenatal massage procedures focusing on the lower back area. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test with the assistance of SPSS software. The results showed a statistically significant difference in back pain scores before and after the intervention, with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). This finding indicates that prenatal massage effectively reduces back pain in third-trimester pregnant women. Based on these results, prenatal massage can be recommended as a safe, non-invasive, and beneficial complementary therapy to improve maternal comfort during pregnancy. Incorporating prenatal massage into routine antenatal care could enhance the overall well-being and quality of life of expectant mothers.

Adequate breast milk production is crucial for the health and development of newborns, yet many postpartum mothers face challenges in breastfeeding. Various factors, such as diet, nutritional status, and stress, can significantly influence milk production. Young papaya is known to contain lactagogum, which can stimulate the hormones prolactin and oxytocin, both of which play a vital role in enhancing breast milk production. This study aimed to examine the effect of young papaya consumption on breast milk production among postpartum women. A quantitative design with a quasi-experimental approach, specifically a post-test control-only group design, was used for this study. The sample consisted of 20 postpartum women, who were divided into two groups: the treatment group (consuming young papaya) and the control group. Data were collected through a questionnaire, and the analysis was conducted using Fisher's exact test with SPSS software. The results revealed that 70% of the mothers experienced smooth breast milk production, with the treatment group (those who consumed young papaya) reporting significantly higher levels of smooth milk production compared to the control group. Fisher's exact test showed a statistically significant association between the consumption of young papaya and the smoothness of breast milk production (p=0.005). In conclusion, the consumption of young papaya has a positive effect on increasing breast milk production in postpartum women. The papain enzyme present in young papaya appears to stimulate the hormones essential for milk production. Therefore, increasing awareness and education about the benefits of young papaya consumption as a lactagogue can play a significant role in supporting successful breastfeeding. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to validate these findings and explore the long-term effects of young papaya consumption on lactation.

Indonesia's healthcare system continues to face significant challenges in delivering equitable services across diverse and remote regions. The digital transformation of healthcare—through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, and telemedicine—offers promising solutions to overcome disparities in access, infrastructure, and service delivery. This study aims to comprehensively analyze global and national research trends related to the digital transformation of healthcare using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, supported by bibliometric analysis through the VOSviewer software. Following the PRISMA protocol, a total of 30 relevant articles published between 2020 and 2025 were identified and analyzed. The network and overlay visualizations generated reveal four major thematic clusters: digital transformation and service quality, big data and pandemic response, AI and data privacy, and community engagement in digital health services. Overlay visualization also shows a clear shift in research focus—from early pandemic responses toward system optimization, ethical governance, and technological inclusivity in recent years. The study concludes that the integration of AI, big data, and telemedicine not only enhances healthcare efficiency but also requires strong regulatory frameworks, infrastructure readiness, and public engagement. Future research should incorporate co-citation and cross-country comparative analyses to enrich the understanding of digital health transformation in a global context.

Indonesia's healthcare system continues to face significant challenges in delivering equitable services across diverse and remote regions. The digital transformation of healthcare—through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, and telemedicine—offers promising solutions to overcome disparities in access, infrastructure, and service delivery. This study aims to comprehensively analyze global and national research trends related to the digital transformation of healthcare using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, supported by bibliometric analysis through the VOSviewer software. Following the PRISMA protocol, a total of 30 relevant articles published between 2020 and 2025 were identified and analyzed. The network and overlay visualizations generated reveal four major thematic clusters: digital transformation and service quality, big data and pandemic response, AI and data privacy, and community engagement in digital health services. Overlay visualization also shows a clear shift in research focus—from early pandemic responses toward system optimization, ethical governance, and technological inclusivity in recent years. The findings highlight that digital healthcare transformation has increasingly evolved from emergency responses to COVID-19 into a strategic framework for long-term system improvement. Moreover, AI and big data have played pivotal roles in enhancing diagnostics, predicting outbreaks, and improving resource allocation. However, concerns related to privacy, digital literacy, and unequal technological access remain prominent. The study concludes that the integration of AI, big data, and telemedicine not only enhances healthcare efficiency but also requires strong regulatory frameworks, infrastructure readiness, and public engagement. Future research should incorporate co-citation and cross-country comparative analyses to enrich the understanding of digital health transformation in a global context, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Indonesia.

Population policy in Indonesia represents a key government effort to regulate and control population growth. One of the most significant strategies in managing population growth is Family Planning, which helps reduce the rate of fertility and support healthier families. Among the various contraceptive methods, the IUD (Intrauterine Device) is a non-hormonal option that is commonly used by Fertile Age Couples (FACs). The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between the level of knowledge and the interest in the IUD contraceptive method among couples in the Puskesmas Pugaan area. This research employed an analytical approach using a cross-sectional design. The population for this study included all fertile couples in the Pugaan Health Center area. A purposive sampling technique was applied, selecting a sample of 20 participants. Data were collected through questionnaires, and the data were analyzed using the chi-square test with the SPSS version 25 software. The study found that 12 participants (60%) had good knowledge of IUDs, 5 participants (25%) had sufficient knowledge, and 3 participants (15%) had poor knowledge. Regarding interest in using IUDs, 16 participants (80%) expressed an interest, while 4 participants (20%) were not interested in using the IUD. The chi-square statistical test yielded a P value of 0.000 (P < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant relationship between knowledge level and interest in the IUD contraceptive method. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that there is a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and the interest in using IUD contraception at Puskesmas Pugaan. These findings suggest that improving the knowledge of couples about contraceptive methods like the IUD may play a crucial role in increasing interest and usage rates, contributing to more effective population control efforts

Back pain is one of the most common complaints experienced by pregnant women, especially during the third trimester of pregnancy. This discomfort is generally caused by physiological and biomechanical changes in the body, such as an increase in body weight, a shift in the center of gravity, and hormonal changes that affect muscle and joint flexibility. If not managed properly, back pain can reduce mobility, interfere with daily activities, and impact the quality of life of pregnant women. One safe and non-pharmacological method to reduce back pain is prenatal massage therapy. This study aimed to determine the effect of prenatal massage on reducing back pain among pregnant women in the third trimester at Primary Health Care (PHC) Bulango. This research used a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The sample consisted of 30 pregnant women in their third trimester who were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out using observation and interviews with a numerical pain rating scale administered before and after the prenatal massage intervention. The massage sessions were performed following standardized prenatal massage procedures focusing on the lower back area. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test with the assistance of SPSS software. The results showed a statistically significant difference in back pain scores before and after the intervention, with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). This finding indicates that prenatal massage effectively reduces back pain in third-trimester pregnant women. Based on these results, prenatal massage can be recommended as a safe, non-invasive, and beneficial complementary therapy to improve maternal comfort during pregnancy. Incorporating prenatal massage into routine antenatal care could enhance the overall well-being and quality of life of expectant mothers.

Adequate breast milk production is crucial for the health and development of newborns, yet many postpartum mothers face challenges in breastfeeding. Various factors, such as diet, nutritional status, and stress, can significantly influence milk production. Young papaya is known to contain lactagogum, which can stimulate the hormones prolactin and oxytocin, both of which play a vital role in enhancing breast milk production. This study aimed to examine the effect of young papaya consumption on breast milk production among postpartum women. A quantitative design with a quasi-experimental approach, specifically a post-test control-only group design, was used for this study. The sample consisted of 20 postpartum women, who were divided into two groups: the treatment group (consuming young papaya) and the control group. Data were collected through a questionnaire, and the analysis was conducted using Fisher's exact test with SPSS software. The results revealed that 70% of the mothers experienced smooth breast milk production, with the treatment group (those who consumed young papaya) reporting significantly higher levels of smooth milk production compared to the control group. Fisher's exact test showed a statistically significant association between the consumption of young papaya and the smoothness of breast milk production (p=0.005). In conclusion, the consumption of young papaya has a positive effect on increasing breast milk production in postpartum women. The papain enzyme present in young papaya appears to stimulate the hormones essential for milk production. Therefore, increasing awareness and education about the benefits of young papaya consumption as a lactagogue can play a significant role in supporting successful breastfeeding. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to validate these findings and explore the long-term effects of young papaya consumption on lactation.

Indonesia's healthcare system continues to face significant challenges in delivering equitable services across diverse and remote regions. The digital transformation of healthcare—through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, and telemedicine—offers promising solutions to overcome disparities in access, infrastructure, and service delivery. This study aims to comprehensively analyze global and national research trends related to the digital transformation of healthcare using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, supported by bibliometric analysis through the VOSviewer software. Following the PRISMA protocol, a total of 30 relevant articles published between 2020 and 2025 were identified and analyzed. The network and overlay visualizations generated reveal four major thematic clusters: digital transformation and service quality, big data and pandemic response, AI and data privacy, and community engagement in digital health services. Overlay visualization also shows a clear shift in research focus—from early pandemic responses toward system optimization, ethical governance, and technological inclusivity in recent years. The study concludes that the integration of AI, big data, and telemedicine not only enhances healthcare efficiency but also requires strong regulatory frameworks, infrastructure readiness, and public engagement. Future research should incorporate co-citation and cross-country comparative analyses to enrich the understanding of digital health transformation in a global context.

Indonesia's healthcare system continues to face significant challenges in delivering equitable services across diverse and remote regions. The digital transformation of healthcare—through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, and telemedicine—offers promising solutions to overcome disparities in access, infrastructure, and service delivery. This study aims to comprehensively analyze global and national research trends related to the digital transformation of healthcare using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, supported by bibliometric analysis through the VOSviewer software. Following the PRISMA protocol, a total of 30 relevant articles published between 2020 and 2025 were identified and analyzed. The network and overlay visualizations generated reveal four major thematic clusters: digital transformation and service quality, big data and pandemic response, AI and data privacy, and community engagement in digital health services. Overlay visualization also shows a clear shift in research focus—from early pandemic responses toward system optimization, ethical governance, and technological inclusivity in recent years. The findings highlight that digital healthcare transformation has increasingly evolved from emergency responses to COVID-19 into a strategic framework for long-term system improvement. Moreover, AI and big data have played pivotal roles in enhancing diagnostics, predicting outbreaks, and improving resource allocation. However, concerns related to privacy, digital literacy, and unequal technological access remain prominent. The study concludes that the integration of AI, big data, and telemedicine not only enhances healthcare efficiency but also requires strong regulatory frameworks, infrastructure readiness, and public engagement. Future research should incorporate co-citation and cross-country comparative analyses to enrich the understanding of digital health transformation in a global context, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Indonesia.