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Anxiety before childbirth is a common psychological condition experienced by pregnant women, particularly those who are primigravida. Such anxiety can be influenced by various factors, including lack of knowledge, fear of pain, and uncertainty about the childbirth process. Prenatal classes are educational programs designed to improve pregnant women’s understanding, confidence, and readiness in facing labor. These classes typically provide information about pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum care, and newborn care. However, the extent to which prenatal classes effectively reduce anxiety before childbirth requires further investigation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the implementation of prenatal classes and labor anxiety levels among pregnant women. A quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach was used. The sample consisted of 30 pregnant women selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using standardized anxiety questionnaires administered before and after participants attended prenatal classes. The data were analyzed using the Chi-Square statistical test with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The findings revealed a significant relationship between participation in prenatal classes and a reduction in labor anxiety, with a p-value = 0.000 (p < 0.05). These results indicate that prenatal classes can play an important role in preparing pregnant women mentally and emotionally for the childbirth process. The interactive education and supportive environment provided during these sessions help participants gain confidence and reduce fear. It is recommended that healthcare providers in health facilities continue to optimize the delivery of prenatal classes by incorporating more interactive methods and involving family members. Family support, in combination with structured prenatal education, can further enhance the effectiveness of these programs in reducing childbirth-related anxiety.

Anxiety before childbirth is a common psychological condition experienced by pregnant women, particularly those who are primigravida. Such anxiety can be influenced by various factors, including lack of knowledge, fear of pain, and uncertainty about the childbirth process. Prenatal classes are educational programs designed to improve pregnant women’s understanding, confidence, and readiness in facing labor. These classes typically provide information about pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum care, and newborn care. However, the extent to which prenatal classes effectively reduce anxiety before childbirth requires further investigation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the implementation of prenatal classes and labor anxiety levels among pregnant women. A quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach was used. The sample consisted of 30 pregnant women selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using standardized anxiety questionnaires administered before and after participants attended prenatal classes. The data were analyzed using the Chi-Square statistical test with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The findings revealed a significant relationship between participation in prenatal classes and a reduction in labor anxiety, with a p-value = 0.000 (p < 0.05). These results indicate that prenatal classes can play an important role in preparing pregnant women mentally and emotionally for the childbirth process. The interactive education and supportive environment provided during these sessions help participants gain confidence and reduce fear. It is recommended that healthcare providers in health facilities continue to optimize the delivery of prenatal classes by incorporating more interactive methods and involving family members. Family support, in combination with structured prenatal education, can further enhance the effectiveness of these programs in reducing childbirth-related anxiety.

This study examines strategies for enhancing community participation in regional development planning by implementing bottom-up approaches. As democratic governance evolves, the need for meaningful citizen engagement in development planning becomes increasingly critical for ensuring sustainable and equitable outcomes. This research analyzes the effectiveness of participatory planning mechanisms, identifies barriers to community engagement, and proposes innovative strategies for strengthening bottom-up development planning processes. Using a comparative case study methodology across six regional governments, this study evaluates various participatory instruments including citizen forums, participatory budgeting, community mapping, and digital engagement platforms. The findings reveal that successful bottom-up planning requires institutional commitment, capacity building, cultural sensitivity, and sustained dialogue between government and communities. The study provides a framework for designing and implementing effective participatory planning systems that genuinely incorporate community voices in regional development decisions.

This study examines strategies for enhancing community participation in regional development planning by implementing bottom-up approaches. As democratic governance evolves, the need for meaningful citizen engagement in development planning becomes increasingly critical for ensuring sustainable and equitable outcomes. This research analyzes the effectiveness of participatory planning mechanisms, identifies barriers to community engagement, and proposes innovative strategies for strengthening bottom-up development planning processes. Using a comparative case study methodology across six regional governments, this study evaluates various participatory instruments including citizen forums, participatory budgeting, community mapping, and digital engagement platforms. The findings reveal that successful bottom-up planning requires institutional commitment, capacity building, cultural sensitivity, and sustained dialogue between government and communities. The study provides a framework for designing and implementing effective participatory planning systems that genuinely incorporate community voices in regional development decisions.

Gross motor and fine motor development are critical aspects of early childhood growth, yet a significant proportion of infants and toddlers continue to experience delays in these areas. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016, approximately 20–40% of infants aged 0–2 years face delays in developmental processes, with 5–25% experiencing gross and fine motor disorders. Delays in gross motor skills can reduce adaptability and creativity during the adaptation period, while delays in fine motor skills may hinder a child’s learning process. Beyond adequate nutrition provided by the mother, stimulation is an essential strategy to optimize growth and development. One promising approach is the combination of baby massage and lavender essential oil, which may offer both physical stimulation and relaxation benefits that support motor skill advancement. This study aims to determine the effect of combined baby massage stimulation and lavender essential oil application on the improvement of gross and fine motor skills in infants aged 3–12 months. A pre-experimental quantitative design with one-group pretest–posttest was applied to a sample of 40 infants. Data analysis employed the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to assess changes in motor development scores before and after the intervention. Results indicated a probability value (p-value) of 0.02 (<0.05), suggesting a statistically significant improvement in both gross and fine motor skills following the intervention. These findings highlight the potential of integrating tactile and aromatherapy-based stimulation into infant care routines to enhance motor development. Further research with larger and more diverse samples is recommended to validate these results and explore the underlying mechanisms of action.

Labor pain in the first stage is one of the main challenges faced by mothers in labor. Effective pain management is essential to improve comfort and smooth the labor process. One of the non-pharmacological methods that can be used is warm compresses, which are believed to be able to reduce pain intensity through muscle relaxation mechanisms and increased blood circulation. This study aims to analyze the effect of giving warm compresses on pain levels in first-stage labor patients at Kotamobagu Regional Hospital. Method: This study used a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest approach with a control group. The study sample consisted of 16 respondents selected by purposive sampling. Pain measurements were taken before and after giving warm compresses using a numeric pain scale. Data analysis used the chi-square statistical test with a significance level of p <0.05. The results showed that there was a significant effect between giving warm compresses on reducing pain in first-stage labor patients with a p-value of 0.000 (p <0.05). Respondents who received warm compress intervention experienced a greater decrease in pain intensity compared to the group that did not receive the intervention. Giving warm compresses has been proven effective in reducing labor pain in the first stage. Therefore, this method can be recommended as one of the non-pharmacological pain management strategies in health care facilities. It is hoped that health workers, especially midwives, can be more active in implementing the warm compress method as part of labor pain management. In addition, further research with a larger sample size and a stronger research design is needed to strengthen these findings.

This study aims to analyze the accuracy of ICD-9-CM coding in Cathlab procedure claims submitted to BPJS Kesehatan under the INA-CBGs reimbursement system at RSI Aisyiyah Malang. Accurate coding is critical for determining appropriate claim grouping and tariff calculation within Indonesia’s national health insurance scheme. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of 244 Cathlab claims from 2024 with qualitative insights obtained through document review, interviews, and direct observation. The results showed that 182 claims (74.59%) were accepted as accurate and complete, while 62 claims (25.41%) were returned as pending. Common causes of claim inaccuracy included missing supporting documents (37.10%), incorrect ICD-9-CM codes (27.42%), and nonspecific diagnoses (19.35%). Procedural miscoding, such as omitting dual catheterization codes or stent-related procedure codes, was identified as a frequent issue, significantly impacting claim grouping and reimbursement. The study highlights systemic challenges related to documentation quality, coder competency, and institutional claim verification processes. These challenges result in delays, incorrect payments, and administrative inefficiencies, posing barriers to effective reimbursement. The findings underscore the importance of implementing Clinical Documentation Improvement (CDI) strategies, improving coder training, and transitioning to newer coding systems such as ICD-10 or ICD-11. Upgrading to these systems will support better coding accuracy, enhance claim processing efficiency, and ensure more appropriate reimbursement. Strengthening these components is essential to ensure the integrity of Indonesia’s health financing system, improve operational workflows, and ensure that healthcare providers receive timely and accurate reimbursement for services rendered. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current state of coding practices in Indonesian healthcare institutions and offers actionable recommendations for improving coding accuracy and claims processing.

Post-cesarean section (CS) pain is a common issue faced by postpartum mothers, significantly affecting their recovery process and overall well-being. Effective pain management is crucial to enhance recovery and improve quality of life. One promising non-pharmacological approach gaining attention is the finger hold relaxation technique, which has been shown to alleviate various forms of pain. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the finger hold relaxation technique in reducing post-CS pain. A quasi-experimental design was used with two groups: an intervention group that received the finger hold relaxation technique and a control group that did not receive the intervention. The study involved 60 post-CS mothers, randomly divided into the two groups. Pain levels were measured before and after the intervention using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Data analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results indicated a significant decrease in pain levels in the intervention group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The average pain score in the intervention group before the intervention was 7.5, which decreased to 4.2 after the intervention. In contrast, the control group exhibited relatively stable pain scores, with an average of 7.3 before the intervention and 6.9 after. The Mann-Whitney U test confirmed a significant difference, with a p-value of 0.01, indicating that the finger hold relaxation technique had a significant effect on reducing post-CS pain. In conclusion, the finger hold relaxation technique is effective in reducing pain in post-CS mothers. It is recommended that this technique be incorporated into post-operative care programs to enhance maternal comfort and facilitate faster recovery.

Birth and delivery are normal physiological events involving the expulsion of the fetus that occurs during 37-42 weeks (full term pregnancy). For a mother, the labor process can cause fear and pain so that the risk of labor that is too long increases. By using a birthing ball, the mother can move more comfortably and experience less pain, so that labor will be shorter. This study aims to determine the Effect of Using a Birthing Ball on the Length of Stage 1 of the Active Phase at the Paguyaman Gorontalo Health Center. The purpose of this study was to analyze how the birthing ball method affects the length of the active phase I stage. The design of this study was a static Group Comparison pre-experimental design. Statistical tests with the Independent T Test. The population of this study were mothers giving birth at the Paguyaman Gorontalo Health Center. The sample consisted of 32 people. The results of the study on the use of birthing balls obtained an average labor progress of 288 minutes. The results of the statistical test with a significance value of 0.00 which means p <0.05. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant influence in the use of the birthing ball method on the length of the first active phase in mothers giving birth in the Paguyaman Gorontalo Health Center Area. Suggestions for health workers in making plans to improve maternal care during labor by using birthing balls to help the progress of labor.  

Immunization is one of the most important health activities necessary for improving children's health, helping prevent various infectious diseases. Despite its crucial role, many children still miss out on receiving complete basic immunization, a concerning public health issue. Among the various factors influencing the successful implementation of immunization programs, the support of family members, particularly husbands, plays a critical role. This study aims to explore the relationship between the support provided by husbands and the basic immunization status of children. A quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach was employed in this study. The sample consisted of 40 respondents, selected through purposive sampling. The study used the Chi-Square test for data analysis to determine any significant associations between the variables. The results indicate a significant relationship between husband support and the basic immunization status, with a p-value of 0.02. The findings suggest that social support, especially from husbands, is essential in encouraging mothers to ensure their children receive complete immunization. The support not only involves emotional and informational backing but also practical assistance, such as accompanying the mother to health facilities or assisting in scheduling appointments. By involving husbands in the immunization process, mothers may experience less stress and greater encouragement, leading to higher rates of immunization compliance. These results emphasize the importance of engaging family members, particularly husbands, in health initiatives aimed at improving child health outcomes. Public health programs should consider strategies to enhance family involvement, particularly targeting husbands, to achieve better immunization rates and, consequently, improved public health among children

Birth and delivery are normal physiological events involving the expulsion of the fetus that occurs during 37-42 weeks (full term pregnancy). For a mother, the labor process can cause fear and pain so that the risk of labor that is too long increases. By using a birthing ball, the mother can move more comfortably and experience less pain, so that labor will be shorter. This study aims to determine the Effect of Using a Birthing Ball on the Length of Stage 1 of the Active Phase at the Paguyaman Gorontalo Health Center. The purpose of this study was to analyze how the birthing ball method affects the length of the active phase I stage. The design of this study was a static Group Comparison pre-experimental design. Statistical tests with the Independent T Test. The population of this study were mothers giving birth at the Paguyaman Gorontalo Health Center. The sample consisted of 32 people. The results of the study on the use of birthing balls obtained an average labor progress of 288 minutes. The results of the statistical test with a significance value of 0.00 which means p <0.05. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant influence in the use of the birthing ball method on the length of the first active phase in mothers giving birth in the Paguyaman Gorontalo Health Center Area. Suggestions for health workers in making plans to improve maternal care during labor by using birthing balls to help the progress of labor

Perineal wound healing in postpartum women is a crucial element of their rehabilitation.  If left untreated, these wounds can cause pain and consequences.  Natural substances, such as binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaves, have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, which may speed up wound healing.  This study used a quasi-experimental design with two groups: the treatment group consumesd binahong leaf decoction water onece a day, and the control group didn’t get any treatment.  The study sample consisted of 30 postpartum women who had perineal lesions, selected using a purposive sampling technique.  To examine the progress of perineal wound healing, data were collected using questionnaires and observation sheets.  Descriptive and Fisher's test statistics used to determine the results. The results showed that 67.7% of mothers who consumed binahong leaf decoction water experienced faster wound healing compared to 33.3% of mothers in the control group. Bivariate analysis showed a significant effect between consumption of binahong leaf decoction water on accelerating perineal wound healing with a p value = 0.000 (p < 0.05). The flavonoids and saponins in binahong leaves play a role in the process of tissue regeneration and collagen synthesis, which supports the acceleration of wound healing. Demographic factors such as age, education, and employment status also contribute to the effectiveness of wound care. Binahong leaf decoction is effective in accelerating perineal wound healing in postpartum women. The use of this natural ingredient can be a safe and accessible alternative treatment, so it can be recommended in midwifery practice to improve the quality of postpartum care.

Immunization is one of the most important health activities necessary for improving children's health, helping prevent various infectious diseases. Despite its crucial role, many children still miss out on receiving complete basic immunization, a concerning public health issue. Among the various factors influencing the successful implementation of immunization programs, the support of family members, particularly husbands, plays a critical role. This study aims to explore the relationship between the support provided by husbands and the basic immunization status of children. A quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach was employed in this study. The sample consisted of 40 respondents, selected through purposive sampling. The study used the Chi-Square test for data analysis to determine any significant associations between the variables. The results indicate a significant relationship between husband support and the basic immunization status, with a p-value of 0.02. The findings suggest that social support, especially from husbands, is essential in encouraging mothers to ensure their children receive complete immunization. The support not only involves emotional and informational backing but also practical assistance, such as accompanying the mother to health facilities or assisting in scheduling appointments. By involving husbands in the immunization process, mothers may experience less stress and greater encouragement, leading to higher rates of immunization compliance. These results emphasize the importance of engaging family members, particularly husbands, in health initiatives aimed at improving child health outcomes. Public health programs should consider strategies to enhance family involvement, particularly targeting husbands, to achieve better immunization rates and, consequently, improved public health among children

Birth and delivery are normal physiological events involving the expulsion of the fetus that occurs during 37-42 weeks (full term pregnancy). For a mother, the labor process can cause fear and pain so that the risk of labor that is too long increases. By using a birthing ball, the mother can move more comfortably and experience less pain, so that labor will be shorter. This study aims to determine the Effect of Using a Birthing Ball on the Length of Stage 1 of the Active Phase at the Paguyaman Gorontalo Health Center. The purpose of this study was to analyze how the birthing ball method affects the length of the active phase I stage. The design of this study was a static Group Comparison pre-experimental design. Statistical tests with the Independent T Test. The population of this study were mothers giving birth at the Paguyaman Gorontalo Health Center. The sample consisted of 32 people. The results of the study on the use of birthing balls obtained an average labor progress of 288 minutes. The results of the statistical test with a significance value of 0.00 which means p <0.05. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant influence in the use of the birthing ball method on the length of the first active phase in mothers giving birth in the Paguyaman Gorontalo Health Center Area. Suggestions for health workers in making plans to improve maternal care during labor by using birthing balls to help the progress of labor.  

Post-cesarean section (CS) pain is a common issue faced by postpartum mothers, significantly affecting their recovery process and overall well-being. Effective pain management is crucial to enhance recovery and improve quality of life. One promising non-pharmacological approach gaining attention is the finger hold relaxation technique, which has been shown to alleviate various forms of pain. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the finger hold relaxation technique in reducing post-CS pain. A quasi-experimental design was used with two groups: an intervention group that received the finger hold relaxation technique and a control group that did not receive the intervention. The study involved 60 post-CS mothers, randomly divided into the two groups. Pain levels were measured before and after the intervention using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Data analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results indicated a significant decrease in pain levels in the intervention group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The average pain score in the intervention group before the intervention was 7.5, which decreased to 4.2 after the intervention. In contrast, the control group exhibited relatively stable pain scores, with an average of 7.3 before the intervention and 6.9 after. The Mann-Whitney U test confirmed a significant difference, with a p-value of 0.01, indicating that the finger hold relaxation technique had a significant effect on reducing post-CS pain. In conclusion, the finger hold relaxation technique is effective in reducing pain in post-CS mothers. It is recommended that this technique be incorporated into post-operative care programs to enhance maternal comfort and facilitate faster recovery.

This study aims to analyze the accuracy of ICD-9-CM coding in Cathlab procedure claims submitted to BPJS Kesehatan under the INA-CBGs reimbursement system at RSI Aisyiyah Malang. Accurate coding is critical for determining appropriate claim grouping and tariff calculation within Indonesia’s national health insurance scheme. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of 244 Cathlab claims from 2024 with qualitative insights obtained through document review, interviews, and direct observation. The results showed that 182 claims (74.59%) were accepted as accurate and complete, while 62 claims (25.41%) were returned as pending. Common causes of claim inaccuracy included missing supporting documents (37.10%), incorrect ICD-9-CM codes (27.42%), and nonspecific diagnoses (19.35%). Procedural miscoding, such as omitting dual catheterization codes or stent-related procedure codes, was identified as a frequent issue, significantly impacting claim grouping and reimbursement. The study highlights systemic challenges related to documentation quality, coder competency, and institutional claim verification processes. These challenges result in delays, incorrect payments, and administrative inefficiencies, posing barriers to effective reimbursement. The findings underscore the importance of implementing Clinical Documentation Improvement (CDI) strategies, improving coder training, and transitioning to newer coding systems such as ICD-10 or ICD-11. Upgrading to these systems will support better coding accuracy, enhance claim processing efficiency, and ensure more appropriate reimbursement. Strengthening these components is essential to ensure the integrity of Indonesia’s health financing system, improve operational workflows, and ensure that healthcare providers receive timely and accurate reimbursement for services rendered. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current state of coding practices in Indonesian healthcare institutions and offers actionable recommendations for improving coding accuracy and claims processing.

Perineal wound healing in postpartum women is a crucial element of their rehabilitation.  If left untreated, these wounds can cause pain and consequences.  Natural substances, such as binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaves, have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, which may speed up wound healing.  This study used a quasi-experimental design with two groups: the treatment group consumesd binahong leaf decoction water onece a day, and the control group didn’t get any treatment.  The study sample consisted of 30 postpartum women who had perineal lesions, selected using a purposive sampling technique.  To examine the progress of perineal wound healing, data were collected using questionnaires and observation sheets.  Descriptive and Fisher's test statistics used to determine the results. The results showed that 67.7% of mothers who consumed binahong leaf decoction water experienced faster wound healing compared to 33.3% of mothers in the control group. Bivariate analysis showed a significant effect between consumption of binahong leaf decoction water on accelerating perineal wound healing with a p value = 0.000 (p < 0.05). The flavonoids and saponins in binahong leaves play a role in the process of tissue regeneration and collagen synthesis, which supports the acceleration of wound healing. Demographic factors such as age, education, and employment status also contribute to the effectiveness of wound care. Binahong leaf decoction is effective in accelerating perineal wound healing in postpartum women. The use of this natural ingredient can be a safe and accessible alternative treatment, so it can be recommended in midwifery practice to improve the quality of postpartum care.

Gross motor and fine motor development are critical aspects of early childhood growth, yet a significant proportion of infants and toddlers continue to experience delays in these areas. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016, approximately 20–40% of infants aged 0–2 years face delays in developmental processes, with 5–25% experiencing gross and fine motor disorders. Delays in gross motor skills can reduce adaptability and creativity during the adaptation period, while delays in fine motor skills may hinder a child’s learning process. Beyond adequate nutrition provided by the mother, stimulation is an essential strategy to optimize growth and development. One promising approach is the combination of baby massage and lavender essential oil, which may offer both physical stimulation and relaxation benefits that support motor skill advancement. This study aims to determine the effect of combined baby massage stimulation and lavender essential oil application on the improvement of gross and fine motor skills in infants aged 3–12 months. A pre-experimental quantitative design with one-group pretest–posttest was applied to a sample of 40 infants. Data analysis employed the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to assess changes in motor development scores before and after the intervention. Results indicated a probability value (p-value) of 0.02 (<0.05), suggesting a statistically significant improvement in both gross and fine motor skills following the intervention. These findings highlight the potential of integrating tactile and aromatherapy-based stimulation into infant care routines to enhance motor development. Further research with larger and more diverse samples is recommended to validate these results and explore the underlying mechanisms of action.

Attendance management is an essential component in educational institutions, companies, and organizations to monitor the presence and punctuality of participants. Traditional attendance systems, such as manual signatures or identification cards, are prone to various issues including human error, time inefficiency, and identity fraud. To address these challenges, this study aims to develop a smart attendance system using facial recognition technology based on Python and the OpenCV library. The system is designed to automatically detect and recognize faces in real time using a webcam or camera module. It employs computer vision techniques to capture facial images, extract unique features, and match them against a stored database of registered participants. Once the face is verified, the system records the attendance along with a timestamp, ensuring data accuracy and security. The development process involved several stages, including image acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. OpenCV was utilized for image processing tasks, while Python provided the programming framework to integrate all components. To enhance recognition accuracy, the system applied techniques such as histogram equalization for lighting normalization and Haar Cascade classifiers for initial face detection. An experimental evaluation was conducted under various conditions, including different lighting environments and facial orientations. The results demonstrated that the system achieved an accuracy rate of 96% under normal lighting conditions, with only a small decrease in performance under dim or uneven lighting. These findings indicate that the system is reliable for practical applications, especially in controlled environments. Conclusion: The Python-based facial recognition attendance system offers a more efficient, secure, and accurate alternative to conventional attendance methods. Future improvements may include the integration of deep learning models to enhance recognition robustness in diverse real-world scenarios.

Labor pain in the first stage is one of the main challenges faced by mothers in labor. Effective pain management is essential to improve comfort and smooth the labor process. One of the non-pharmacological methods that can be used is warm compresses, which are believed to be able to reduce pain intensity through muscle relaxation mechanisms and increased blood circulation. This study aims to analyze the effect of giving warm compresses on pain levels in first-stage labor patients at Kotamobagu Regional Hospital. Method: This study used a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest approach with a control group. The study sample consisted of 16 respondents selected by purposive sampling. Pain measurements were taken before and after giving warm compresses using a numeric pain scale. Data analysis used the chi-square statistical test with a significance level of p <0.05. The results showed that there was a significant effect between giving warm compresses on reducing pain in first-stage labor patients with a p-value of 0.000 (p <0.05). Respondents who received warm compress intervention experienced a greater decrease in pain intensity compared to the group that did not receive the intervention. Giving warm compresses has been proven effective in reducing labor pain in the first stage. Therefore, this method can be recommended as one of the non-pharmacological pain management strategies in health care facilities. It is hoped that health workers, especially midwives, can be more active in implementing the warm compress method as part of labor pain management. In addition, further research with a larger sample size and a stronger research design is needed to strengthen these findings.