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The development of renewable energy, particularly Solar Power Plants (PV), requires a reliable, real-time, and easily accessible electrical energy monitoring system to ensure optimal system performance. This study aims to design and implement an Internet of Things (IoT)-based electrical energy monitoring system for PV using the NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller, the PZEM-004T sensor for measuring electrical parameters, and the Node-RED platform as the data visualization interface. The developed system is designed to monitor voltage, current, power, energy, frequency, and power loss in real time, and then display the data in the form of numerical values, graphs, and indicators on a dashboard accessible through a local network. The research method includes hardware design, software development (sensor reading, data processing, and communication), integration with Node-RED, and system testing on a small-scale PV installation. The test results show that the system is capable of monitoring electrical parameters in a stable and responsive manner. Variations in sunlight intensity were found to affect the current and power produced by the solar panels, whereas the inverter output voltage tended to remain within normal operating ranges. The Node-RED dashboard display was considered informative and helpful for users in monitoring and analyzing PV performance. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the IoT-based electrical energy monitoring system designed in this study functions well and is feasible for application in residential or educational-scale PV installations. The system still has the potential for further development through cloud service integration, the addition of environmental sensors, and enhancements to data analysis features and user interface design.

Relational databases store information in interconnected tables and are widely used for data management and retrieval. However, in certain environments, the original values stored in a relational database cannot be exposed during data retrieval. This limitation creates a challenge because common encryption methods only transform data for storage and do not support mathematical operations needed for value matching. Partially Homomorphic Encryption is a cryptographic approach that allows specific mathematical operations to be performed directly on transformed data without restoring it to its original form. This study proposes the use of Partially Homomorphic Encryption to enable value-based data retrieval while keeping all stored values in their transformed form throughout the entire process. The method relies on homomorphic properties that allow mathematical comparison to be conducted on encrypted data, making the retrieval process possible without revealing the original values. The results show that this approach can perform data retrieval operations in a relational database while preserving the transformed structure of the stored data. The proposed method offers an alternative for environments that require data retrieval without exposing original values and demonstrates the potential of homomorphic techniques in supporting secure and functional data processing in relational database contexts.

Waste has become a serious environmental problem in Indonesia, which continues to increase along with population growth. The issue of waste management poses serious challenges for the environment, especially in the process of separating organic and inorganic waste. In the field of computer vision, recognising the type and shape of waste through camera images remains a challenge due to variations in shape, colour, and complex lighting conditions. Therefore, this problem utilises Deep Learning technology, which is expected to be widely applied in Indonesia, especially in large cities with high waste volumes. This study aims to distinguish between organic and inorganic waste using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method based on digital images. The developed CNN model was trained to recognise the visual patterns of each type of waste and tested to measure its accuracy. The test results show that the CNN-based classification system is capable of achieving an accuracy rate of 95%, thus proving the effectiveness of this method in supporting artificial intelligence-based automatic waste sorting systems.

The problems in rice fields are complex and varied, depending on geographic location, rice variety, and growing season. Pests often cause serious economic losses. The Solar Sonic Repeller is an innovative portable pest control device designed to address pest problems by utilizing renewable energy, specifically solar energy. This product aims to offer an environmentally friendly and efficient solution. It works by emitting ultrasonic sound waves with a frequency of 30,000–40,000 Hz. The device's advantages lie in its portability and energy independence, thanks to the use of a charging module powered by an integrated photovoltaic (PV) panel with automatic battery charging during the day. The first test measured the output frequency using an oscilloscope to verify that the oscillator circuit produced waves at the specified frequency. The second test measured the device's effectiveness by examining the pest response to the device at various distances. This test was effective within a maximum radius of approximately 14 m from the center point, covering a rice field area of ​​250 m2.

Indonesian Sign Language (BISINDO) serves as a primary communication medium for the deaf community; however, limited public understanding often creates barriers during daily interactions. This study aims to develop a real-time BISINDO word-level translation system using hand landmark extraction and temporal modeling with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). The system employs MediaPipe Hands to detect 21 hand landmarks per frame, which are then processed as sequential motion patterns to classify five BISINDO words: saya, terima kasih, maaf, nama, and kamu. A total of 250 gesture samples were recorded under controlled lighting conditions as the primary dataset. The processed sequences were used to train the LSTM model, which was subsequently integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller and a DFPlayer Mini module to produce direct audio output. Experimental results show that the model achieved an average accuracy of 86%, with precision and recall values ranging from 0.81 to 0.94. The confusion matrix analysis indicates that most gestures were correctly classified, although some errors occurred in gestures with similar initial motion trajectories. Integration testing demonstrated an average system latency of 3.8 seconds and an audio output success rate of 85%. These findings indicate that the proposed system is capable of translating BISINDO word-level gestures accurately, responsively, and consistently in real-time conditions. This study provides a strong foundation for the broader development of sign language translation systems, with potential enhancements in vocabulary expansion, multi-user datasets, and hardware optimization for deployment in real-world environments.

Given the great benefits of electrical energy, the availability of electrical energy sources is limited. Currently, the availability of electrical energy sources is not able to meet the increasing demand for electricity in Indonesia. The high use of electrical energy in daily life will have a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, to maintain the sustainability of energy sources, it is necessary to pursue strategic steps that can support the provision of electrical energy optimally and affordably, This study aims to find out how much total energy is used by the Energy Consumption Index (IKE) on electrical energy from the influence of electrical power and the length of time of use of electrical energy at SMK Negeri 2 Lubuk Basung, Lubuk Basung District, Agam Regency. This study aims to determine the value of energy consumption used or Energy Consumption Index (IKE) and energy saving opportunities at SMK Negeri 2 Lubuk Basung, Lubuk Basung District, Agam Regency. The results of this study are for the IKE value of the first floor which is 1.71 kWh/m2, for the IKE value of the second floor which is 0.03 kWh/m2, for the IKE value of one building, which is with a value of 1.74 kWh/m2, for the annual IKE of 0.022 kWh/m2/year and for the value of energy-saving opportunities of IDR 651 646/month IDR 7 819 755/year.

The main problem with the water heating system on offshore platforms is the absence of water level monitoring and automatic overflow detection. This has the potential to cause hot water spills that endanger workplace safety and operational efficiency. This research designs and implements a water level monitoring system based on the Arduino Uno microcontroller with HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors. The system is equipped with LED indicators, a buzzer alarm, and a 16x2 LCD to display water level status in real-time. Water levels are classified into three zones (low, medium, high), and overflow is detected if the water is within 3 cm of the sensor. Testing was conducted on a 5-liter simulation tank representing actual 500-liter tank conditions. Test results showed a reading accuracy of 96% and a quick system response to overflow conditions (<1 second). This system is economical, easy to develop, and highly applicable for offshore environments. In addition, this system can be integrated with IoT technology for remote monitoring.

Improving the accuracy of emission monitoring in the Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) is crucial to support compliance with environmental regulations, especially in gas and steam-based power plants (PLTGU). At PT Jawa Satu Power's PLTGU, the purging system on the CEMS sample probe is still performed manually and limited to scheduled preventive maintenance, potentially reducing emission data reliability due to particle contamination. This study aims to design and simulate an automatic purging system based on a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), taking into account technical parameters such as timer, gas pressure, temperature, and sample flow rate. The system design was carried out through the modeling of automatic control logic using CX-Programmer software, with a protection approach based on real-time conditions and timing. The design results show that the automatic purging system can improve cleaning consistency, reduce the risk of contamination, and enhance the integrity of emission monitoring data. This study is expected to serve as a foundation for developing a more applicable and integrated automated purging system for CEMS in the future.

The coffee farming sector in Gunungmanik Village, Indonesia, plays a significant role in the local economy. However, the monitoring and management of coffee crops remain largely manual and conventional, making it difficult for farmers to respond quickly to environmental threats such as drought, pests, or sudden temperature shifts. This research presents the development of iotgm.id, a web-based monitoring system integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) devices designed to provide real-time environmental data for coffee plantations. The system measures key parameters including temperature, soil moisture, and motion detection (as a proxy for pest activity), and delivers this data via a user-friendly web interface. It also features digital farm record management, real-time alerts for abnormal conditions, and data visualization through interactive dashboards. Field testing with local farmers showed that the system improves decision-making, speeds up responses to environmental changes, and reduces the need for direct field visits. Unlike earlier systems that often required technical expertise or focused on single parameters, this system offers multi-parameter monitoring and is accessible to farmers without advanced digital literacy. The system bridges the gap between sophisticated agricultural technologies and practical field-level application. It contributes to the adoption of precision agriculture in rural areas, offering a scalable model for broader implementation in similar contexts

The food security program involving chili cultivation in Pentur Village is hindered by inefficiencies in water use and suboptimal plant growth, primarily due to traditional irrigation methods that fail to consistently maintain ideal soil moisture and temperature. This issue is exacerbated by unpredictable environmental shifts, such as fluctuating weather patterns, and a lack of precise irrigation control stemming from technological limitations. To address this, a system for monitoring and regulating chili plant irrigation using IoT technology was developed. This system employs humidity and temperature sensors connected to an IoT platform like Blynk, enabling real-time observation of plant and environmental conditions. Data on soil moisture, air temperature, and humidity are stored in a database, and irrigation is automated based on soil moisture levels. The goal is to enhance water efficiency, minimize risks associated with over or under-watering due to environmental variations, and improve both yield and quality of the chili crop. This IoT-based system aims to simplify chili plant management for Pentur Village farmers and significantly boost agricultural output.

The increasing need for electrical energy in Indonesia encourages the development of new renewable energy (EBT), including hydroelectric power plants (PLTA) as an environmentally friendly solution. This research was conducted at the Mentawa Dam, West Toili District, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi, to analyze the potential of water energy that can be utilized as a source of micro-hydro power plants (PLTMH). This dam currently functions as irrigation and a tourist attraction, but has significant potential to generate sustainable electrical energy. The research methods include measuring water discharge using the float method, measuring the height of the water fall (head) with an altimeter and GPS, and analyzing the potential for electrical power using the formula P = η ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Q ⋅ H. The measurement results show an average water discharge of 3.01 m³ / s and a water fall (head) of 6.56 meters. With a turbine efficiency of 80%, the potential electrical power that can be generated reaches 154.76 kW. This study recommends the use of Kaplan turbines in Mentawa Dam, which are ideal for large discharge conditions and low to medium heads, and can adapt to discharge fluctuations, making it an optimal choice to maximize energy potential. This research is expected to provide sustainable energy solutions for the people of Toili Barat District and support the development of the tourism sector.

Penerapan konsep kota cerdas menjadi arah strategis dalam mengelola kompleksitas urbanisasi sekaligus meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia agar lebih adaptif dan kompetitif. Namun, dalam praktiknya, masih ditemukan berbagai permasalahan seperti keterbatasan infrastruktur digital, rendahnya literasi teknologi masyarakat, serta belum optimalnya integrasi teknologi dalam tata kelola kota. Kesenjangan ini dapat menghambat upaya membangun SDM yang berdaya saing tinggi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana teknologi kecerdasan buatan dapat mendukung transformasi kota cerdas dalam kerangka peningkatan daya saing manusia. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan deskriptif berbasis studi literatur, dengan fokus pada pemetaan peran kecerdasan buatan dalam mendukung pilar smart city: smart governance, smart economy, smart people, smart mobility, smart environment, smart society, dan smart living. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan kecerdasan buatan mampu mendorong efisiensi layanan publik, memperkuat sistem pendidikan berbasis personalisasi, mendukung analitik data untuk pengambilan keputusan, serta menciptakan ekosistem inovatif yang merangsang pengembangan kompetensi SDM. Selain itu, sinergi antara pemerintah, sektor industri, dan lembaga pendidikan menjadi kunci dalam memastikan bahwa transformasi digital yang dilakukan mampu menjangkau seluruh lapisan masyarakat secara adil dan berkelanjutan. Dengan pemanfaatan kecerdasan buatan secara inklusif dan etis, kota cerdas tidak hanya menjadi solusi teknologi, tetapi juga platform strategis dalam mencetak manusia yang unggul dan siap bersaing dalam era global.

The digital transformation in education has encouraged the adoption of computer-based tests (CBT) using video content, which demands stable and efficient network performance. This study aims to evaluate the performance of two queue management algorithms, namely Random Early Detection (RED) and Per Connection Queue (PCQ), in maintaining the quality of service (QoS) of school networks during online video-based examinations. A case study approach was applied using a real network topology in a school environment, and QoS parameters such as throughput, delay, packet loss, and jitter were measured. The implementation was conducted using a MikroTik RB450Gx4 router configured with simple queue settings for each algorithm. The results show that PCQ provides more consistent performance under high user loads, achieving an average throughput of 56,482 bps and lower delay compared to RED. Conversely, RED performs better in scenarios with a small number of users. The study recommends using PCQ for networks with dynamic and dense user environments, while RED is more suitable for low-traffic conditions where latency stability is crucial. These findings offer practical guidance for managing bandwidth and improving the quality of CBT delivery in educational settings.

  Utilization of new renewable energy is a solution to meet the increasing electricity demand, one of which is solar power generation technology. Solar panels are a renewable power generator that is environmentally friendly. The relatively low and unstable output voltage of PV is affected by solar irradiation, which becomes a constraint. Therefore, by utilizing a boost converter, the solar panel system is able to work 25% more optimally compared to without using a boost converter. The performance of solar panels when using a boost converter is around 83.3% and without using it, the performance is only about 58.3%. The average output power when using the boost converter is 1,521 W, whereas without using the boost converter, the average output power is 1,172 W. This indicates that the output power is more stable when using the boost converter compared to not using it. This research focuses on a boost converter with PID control as a support, optimizer, and voltage stabilizer where the output power on the solar panel is expected to be more optimal and the output from the solar panel is more stable with more optimal results in various conditions. In this study, 12 solar panels of 125 WP with a capacity of 1.5 KW are used in series-parallel to obtain the required power. If the output from the solar panel is insufficient due to weather conditions, the voltage will be increased by the boost converter towards the inverter so that the voltage remains stable into the inverter with the boost converter. This boost converter uses PID control to keep the output voltage stable.  

This research aims to design and test a genset fuel conversion system from gasoline to HHO gas (brown gas) as a more environmentally friendly alternative. Conventional fossil-fueled generators face challenges in theform of limited resources and the impact of environmental pollution. In this study, HHO gas is produced through a water electrolysis process using an HHO generator that separates water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen using electric current. The test results show that increasing the voltage from 2.58 V to 5.12 V significantly increases the volume of gas produced. At a voltage of 2.58 V, the gas volume reached 110 ml, and increased to 750 ml at a voltage of 4.72 V. The generator set was successfully operated for 1 minute 15 seconds with HHO gas using a separate battery power source. These results demonstrate the potential of HHO gas as an efficient alternative fuel for generator sets. This study recommends further testing with voltage and current variations to find the optimal configuration, as well as the use of a larger power source to increase the efficiency of HHO gas electrolysis.

Broiler chickens are livestock whose growth is influenced by environmental temperature. The temperature of the chicken coop that is not suitable can affect the decrease in productivity and cause death in broiler chickens, so that the temperature setting of the cage must be considered. The design of this temperature and humidity monitoring system uses a nodemcu ESP8266 microcontroller and an arduino uno. If the measured temperature exceeds the set temperature limit, the system will send an SMS to the smartphone so that the cage officer can take appropriate action.

School promotions were carried out directly by visiting junior high schools, during a pandemic this can’t be done. In an effort to attract prospective new students at SMK PGRI 2 Salatiga, it is necessary to innovate by adding promotional media that can be accessed by the wider community. Information distribution can be done through social media and the school's YouTube channel. Information media was chosen as virtual reality in the form of 360° videos to display school facilities and privileges. The measurement indicators used in this study are behavior, interactivity, and sound to find out whether the virtual environment can affect the interest of prospective students at SMK PGRI 2 Salatiga. In addition, the interactivity of the video when it is played and the sound of the environment in the video can give immersive in a school environment. The results of this study by the majority of respondents stated that promotional media virtual reality in the form of 360° videos is appropriate for use for school promotions during a pandemic, as an effort to increase the number of new students.

Many companies require good employee performance in order to achieve company goals, business competition is a trigger for companies to improve the performance of their employees. The variables used to determine the effect of the company's employee performance are discipline, compensation, work environment and training. This research was conducted on employees of PT. XYZ involved 60 respondents. This study uses a saturated sampling technique and uses a Likert scale. The analysis used was multiple linear analysis, with the regression equation Y = 16.349 + 0.068X1 + 0.001X2 + 0.159X3 + 0.287X4. The conclusions of this study are, (1) employee performance is not significantly affected by discipline, (2) employee performance is not significantly affected by compensation, (3) employee performance is not significantly affected by the work environment, (4) employee performance is significantly influenced by training, (5) Employee performance is influenced simultaneously by discipline, compensation, work environment and training.

Virtual teachers are devices or agents with the function of replacing the role of humans (teachers) with their teaching skills. The virtual teacher also has a function as task facilitator and is presented during training, especially when the teacher is actually not present. The virtual teacher's objectivity is carried out by explaining the subject matter in a virtual environment, for example, virtual independent learning. In the western world, virtual schools are quite widely applied, especially to students who are homeschooling. In a virtual school, all materials, assignments and grades are accessed via the internet. The virtual teacher concept refers to a device that provides guidance and practice. Teachers who are equipped with interactive agent functions that can provide direction and feedback in order to improve student abilities. By utilizing natural language processing (NLP) and pattern matching to help students learn alone without being accompanied by a teacher. NLP is used as a learning tool as outlined in the text of the sentence as part of the learning material which is done virtually. Meanwhile, pattern matching is used to group the questions asked so that the computer can gain an understanding of the questions posed by students. This grouping aims to solve problems with different word order which basically have different meanings. The teacher has the facility to make material, make questions, and answer student questions. A teacher can add knowledge about the database to enrich the source of knowledge for students.

Recent technological developments determine humans to be creative in creating tools that implement technology in it with the aim of facilitating human tasks in daily activities. Inappropriate use of fertilizers can cause losses, both losses on fertilizer, on plants, as well as on the soil and the environment around fertilization. Losses on plants such as unhealthy plant growth and susceptible to disease pests, plant yields are not as expected or low. From the background above, the writer found an idea to create a system or tool that can help farmers in determining the dose of Nitrogen fertilizer in their rice plants, through the storage of the dosage data of each land. The user did five scans, from each scan producing RGB values, each RGB value from five samples was then matched with the BWD dose color indicator. The sample dose results are then sent by the NodeMcu microcontroller to the webserver database. Based on the assessment of the test conducted by 10 Users by Gapoktan Farmers Group of Tosari Kendal Village, the total value of 372 that has been averaged to be 37.2 is between 31 - 40 which is classified in the category of "Very Valid or Very Effective".