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Religiousness in the context of religious life in Indonesia is not only seen in the diversity between religions, but also within the same religion with differences in religious beliefs and practices. Each individual or group has its own way of expressing their beliefs, which are often influenced by local cultural backgrounds and traditions. Indonesia, as a country rich in culture, has a legacy of traditions that are still embedded in people's lives, including in religious practices. In Sari Rejo Village, the funeral procession is one concrete manifestation of the fusion of religious values ​​and hereditary traditions. However, within the community there are groups who adhere to pure Islamic law, without mixing religious teachings with ancestral traditions. This difference in perspective triggers social conflict between adherents of religious law and adherents of tradition. This conflict does not stop at differences in practice, but develops into a form of social discrimination against adherents of religious law. This condition gives rise to social inequality that can disrupt the harmony of community life. This study aims to answer several main questions: (1) what is the form and meaning of funeral traditions in Sari Rejo Village? (2) why social inequality arises in these funeral ceremonies? (3) how are traditional adherents treated differently compared to those who adhere to religious law? (The text appears to be incomplete and should be omitted.) The research method used is a qualitative method, relying on primary data, secondary data, and direct field observations. The results show that the majority of Sari Rejo residents, as adherents of tradition, tend to discriminate against those who adhere to religious law. This is evident in the differences in treatment, attitudes, and social acceptance of those who choose to practice their religion according to its guidance without incorporating traditional elements. These findings emphasize that differences in religious practices, even within the same religion, can become a source of social inequality if not managed wisely.

This study aims to determine the effect of using sequential picture media on students' ability to complete cloze sentences among third-grade students at MI Al-Hikmah Masangan in the 2024/2025 academic year. The research method used in this study is a quasi-experimental design with a Non-Equivalent Control Group design. The research sample consisted of two classes: the experimental class, which received treatment using sequential picture media, and the control class, which did not receive any treatment. The instrument used in this study was a cloze test that had been tested for validity and reliability. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical tests. The population in this study comprised all third-grade students at MI Al-Hikmah Masangan in the 2024/2025 academic year, totaling 28 students. Based on the results of the analysis, a significant difference was found between the experimental and control classes. This is evidenced by the hypothesis test results, which showed a significance value of 0.021 < 0.05, leading to the rejection of H0 and the acceptance of H1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of sequential picture media has a significant effect on the ability of third-grade students at MI Al-Hikmah Masangan to complete cloze sentences.

This research aims to see the effect of the project based learning model on the ability to understand concepts in fraction material in fourth grade elementary school. This type of research is a quantitative approach and uses a quasi-experiment method. The design in this study was a nonequivalent control group design, namely using two classes, namely class IVB as the experimental class and IVA as the control class which was obtained randomly. The experimental class will be given PjBL learning model treatment and the control class will receive conventional treatment. This study gave a pre-test to both classes before giving treatment to both classes and gave a post-test to the class after receiving treatment. Based on the results of the hypothesis test data analysis that the researchers carried out, significant independent t-test results obtained for the initial and final values ​​of the experimental class and control class were 0.027. Based on these results, a significant value of 0.027 <0.05 was obtained, so Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that there is an influence of the project based learning model on the ability to understand concepts in fraction material in class IV elementary school.

This study aims to analyze the effect of mycorrhizal biofertilizer on the growth of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) height over a period of 8 weeks. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed with six treatments: no mycorrhiza (Mo), low doses (M0.1), and high doses (M1, M1.1, M2, M2.1) with variations of 5 grams and 10 grams. The results showed that the application of mycorrhiza at higher doses resulted in significant growth compared to the control treatment. By week 8, plants receiving treatments M2 and M2.1 reached an average height of 32 cm and 32.5 cm, while the control treatment without mycorrhiza only reached 9 cm. Variance analysis (ANOVA) indicated significant differences at the 95% confidence level among treatments. Therefore, the use of mycorrhizal biofertilizer has been proven effective in enhancing the height growth of tomato plants, which is expected to increase productivity in horticultural cultivation.

This research aims to determine the application of the discovery learning model assisted by canva media in increasing student motivation in learning to write personal letters. The research method used was a quantitative – experimental approach with a pre-experimental design in the form of one group pretest-posttest which was tested twice: first before treatment (pretest) and second after treatment (posttest). The sample in this study was 35 class VII students of SMP Negeri 1 Parongpong for the 2023/2024 academic year who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The results of the research show that there is an increase in students' motivation in learning to write personal letters by applying the discovery learning model assisted by Canva media, with the average score before treatment being 59.89 and after treatment being 80.00 with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of the discovery learning model assisted by Canva media is effective in increasing student motivation in learning to write personal letters.    

This research aims to determine the difference in student learning outcomes regarding linear equations and inequality taught using the PBL model compared to student learning outcomes taught using the Direct Instruction model. This research is quasi-experimental. The samples in the research were class X-IPA as an experimental class with a total of 17 students. The instrument used in this research consisted of a learning outcomes test in the form of a written test in the form of an essay with material on linear equations and inequalities. The data collection technique is through observation and tests in the form of evaluation questions. The test is carried out twice. Namely, the pretest is carried out at the beginning of the research to determine students' achievement scores before treatment, and the posttest is carried out in both control and experimental groups after treatment. Based on hypothesis testing using independent test statistics (T-test), tcount = 3.596 and ttable = 1.694 at a significance level of ⍺ = 0.05. The research results show that the tcount value is more significant than ttable because (3.596 > 1.694) with a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.014 < 0.05 so it can be said that there is a significant difference in the learning outcomes of the experimental group using the PBL model and the control group using the Direct Instruction learning model which means that there is an influence of the application of the PBL learning model on the learning outcomes of class X students at SMA Negeri 2 Tondano.

This study seeks to examine the disparity in mean scores between students instructed through the project-based learning approach and those taught using conventional learning methods. The study population consisted of randomly selected class X pupils from SMA Negeri 2 Tondano, who were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental class consisted of 25 students who received instruction using the project-based learning model, while the control class consisted of 22 students who received instruction using the conventional paradigm. Data collection was conducted by administering a pre-test prior to administering the treatment, followed by a post-test after the treatment was provided. The research yielded an average post-test score of 0.0842 for the experimental class and 0.075 for the control class. Statistical tests, specifically the t-test, were conducted to compare the learning results of the experimental class and the control class. The calculated tcount 17.164176, was found to be more than the critical ttable 1.67943. Therefore, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. The null hypothesis H0 is rejected at a significance level of 0.05. Therefore, it may be inferred that the project-based learning paradigm has an impact on students' learning results in the subject of growth substance.

This research aims to study methods that can be used to test paired sample data in parametric and nonparametric statistics. Parametric statistics are used if the data sample meets certain assumptions, namely normal distribution and a minimum interval measurement scale. Meanwhile, if these assumptions are not met, you can use nonparametric. This research data was generated randomly to be applied to the paired sample test and the Wilcoxon test. These tests were applied to test the difference in averages before treatment and after treatment. The test results show that for normally distributed data using the paired t test it is proven that there is a difference between the averages before and after treatment. The same thing applies to data with an exponential distribution which is tested using Wilcoxon, that there is a difference in the average before treatment and after treatment.

This research aims to determine the effect of using colored text on student learning outcomes in opportunity material and to see students' interest in learning using colored text. This research design uses Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Test questions and questionnaires were used as research instruments. Test questions are given with the aim of measuring student learning outcomes before being given treatment and after being given treatment. Meanwhile, questionnaires are used to determine students' responses to learning whether using colored text or only black and white text. The data analysis technique used is the t-test with a significance level of α = 5% or 0.05. With these calculations, the tcount value is 5.593 and the ttable value is 2.008, so tcount > ttable. So it can be concluded that there is an influence of the use of colored text on student learning outcomes in opportunity material. Based on the validity and reliability test on the research instrument, the calculated r value > r table was obtained so that all items in the questionnaire were valid. Meanwhile, in the reliability test, it was found that the data was reliable.

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of using concrete media on the mathematics learning outcomes of class III students at MI Yapip Pencong, Gowa Regency. This type of research is Pre-Experimental Design research. The sample in this study was 10 students. Data collection techniques were carried out using learning results tests and observation sheets. The data analysis technique in this research is descriptive data analysis technique and T-Test.The research results showed that the student learning outcomes before being given treatment were 10 students with an average score of 53 and there were 4 students or 40% who were in the medium category, and 6 students or 60% who were in the low category. Meanwhile, after being given treatment, 10 students had an average score of 84 and there were 4 students or 40% who were in the very high category, 4 students or 40% who were in the high category, and 2 students or 20% who were in the medium category. The results of the t-test analysis of the influence of concrete media on student learning outcomes show that the significance value obtained is smaller than the alpha value set, namely 0.05 (0.010 < 0.05). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted.Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it is concluded that concrete media has an influence on mathematics learning outcomes for class III students at MI Yapip Pencong, Gowa Regency.