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The rapid advancement of digital technology has significantly transformed various aspects of human life, including the education sector. In the Society 5.0 era, educational institutions are expected to integrate digital technologies into learning processes to develop adaptive, innovative, and globally competitive human resources. This study aims to analyze digital technology-based learning innovations in improving educational quality, identify their potential benefits, and examine the challenges and strategies for optimizing their implementation. This research employed a qualitative descriptive approach through a literature review by analyzing relevant academic sources, including scholarly journals, books, conference proceedings, and other scientific publications. The findings indicate that digital learning innovations are implemented through the utilization of Learning Management Systems (LMS), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), interactive learning media, blended learning, and flipped classroom models. These technologies contribute to enhancing learning effectiveness, expanding educational accessibility, increasing student motivation and engagement, and fostering essential twenty-first-century competencies. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including digital inequality, inadequate technological infrastructure, limited digital competencies among educators, and concerns related to digital ethics and cybersecurity. Therefore, effective implementation requires comprehensive strategies, such as strengthening teachers' digital competencies, improving educational infrastructure, developing adaptive curricula, integrating innovative learning media, and promoting digital literacy and ethical awareness. These efforts are expected to support the development of a more adaptive, inclusive, and high-quality education system that aligns with the demands of the Society 5.0 era.

This study investigates the effect of game-based learning through Tic Tac Toe on improving the speaking skills of fifth-grade Thai students at Ban Elerd School. A pre-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test was employed, involving 17 participants. The intervention consisted of three sessions using Tic Tac Toe to enhance vocabulary, fluency, and pronunciation. The findings indicate significant improvements in students’ speaking abilities, particularly in vocabulary and fluency, with mean scores increasing from 3.12 (pre-test) to 3.86 (post-test). However, pronunciation improvement was not statistically significant, suggesting the need for additional targeted instruction. These results underscore the effectiveness of Tic-Tac-Toe as a game-based learning tool, fostering engagement and reducing anxiety in language learning. This study concludes that game-based learning can effectively support language development in elementary school contexts, particularly in vocabulary acquisition and fluency enhancement.

Population growth is an important indicator in regional development planning because it influences the provision of public services, infrastructure development, and policy formulation. Accurate population estimation is therefore essential to support data-driven decision-making by local governments. This study aims to estimate the population growth rate of Serdang Bedagai Regency by applying data mining techniques using the Multiple Linear Regression method. The data used were obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Serdang Bedagai Regency for the period 2019–2023 and include the number of male and female residents. The research process involved several stages, including data collection, data preprocessing, model development, and statistical analysis. Based on the analysis, a regression model was obtained with the equation Y = 0 + 1.5558X1 + 0.4367X2, where Y represents the total population, X1 represents the number of male residents, and X2 represents the number of female residents. The results indicate an estimated population of 683,056 people in 2024, showing an increase compared to the previous year. These findings suggest that the Multiple Linear Regression method can provide reliable population estimates and serve as a useful reference for supporting evidence-based regional development planning and population management strategies in Serdang Bedagai Regency.

This study aims to examine in depth the professional competence of mathematics teachers through a literature review approach. The method used in this research is a literature review by analyzing ten relevant scientific articles obtained from various credible national and international sources. The study was conducted to identify the factors influencing the professional competence of mathematics teachers and its implications for the quality of learning and students’ learning outcomes. The findings reveal that mathematics teachers’ professional competence plays a significant role in improving the effectiveness of the learning process, students’ critical thinking skills, and mathematics learning achievement. Factors influencing professional competence include continuous training, academic supervision, teacher certification, teaching experience, intrinsic motivation, and the integration of digital technology in learning activities. In addition, professional competence is closely related to pedagogical competence in supporting students’ mathematical skills. The findings of this study emphasize that the development of mathematics teachers’ professionalism should be carried out systematically, continuously, and adaptively to technological advancements in order to improve the quality of mathematics education in the digital era.

The digital technology revolution has significantly influenced and transformed the education sector, particularly in how students access information and interact within learning environments. Easy access to various sources of information offers great opportunities for the learning process, but it also presents challenges related to students’ attitudes, ethics, and their ability to use technology wisely. In this context, the teacher’s role becomes increasingly essential not only as a provider of instructional material, but also as a figure who models character development. This study aims to analyze the contribution of teachers’ personality competencies in shaping students’ character in the digital era. A qualitative approach was employed using a literature review method. Various scientific articles relevant to teacher personality competencies and character education served as the primary data sources. The findings were examined through descriptive qualitative analysis to identify concepts, theories, and previous research related to the role of teachers in character building. The results of the review indicate that teacher personality aspects, such as integrity, discipline, responsibility, empathy, and moral exemplarity, significantly contribute to students’ character development. Teachers with positive personality traits can create a supportive learning environment, model appropriate behavior, and guide students in using technology wisely. Therefore, strengthening teachers’ personality competencies is an essential step in supporting the success of character education in the digital era.

This study aims to describe the shift in language variety within the student social media ecosystem and analyze its relevance to strengthening the use of formal Indonesian in higher education. The development of digital communication technology has created new interaction patterns that influence students' lexical choices, syntactic structures, and discourse construction. This study employed a qualitative descriptive method with a sociolinguistic approach. Data were obtained through documentation of students' social media posts over three months, in-depth interviews, and analysis of academic essay texts. The analysis was conducted through data reduction, categorization, interpretation, and verification using source and method triangulation techniques to ensure data validity. The results indicate four dominant forms of language shift: code-mixing, the use of digital abbreviations, non-standard vocabulary, and simplification of sentence structure. These shifts are partially carried over into academic writing and affect grammatical accuracy, sentence effectiveness, and text coherence. However, digital language practices also demonstrate students' linguistic creativity and social identity construction. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating digital literacy and language awareness-based learning into the higher education curriculum to maintain formal Indonesian standards without ignoring sociolinguistic dynamics in the digital space.

In the rapidly developing digital era, the internet has become a primary communication platform for teenagers, resulting in the development of new language variations, particularly slang vocabulary. The background of this study is the rapid changes in language use among teenage internet users, who demonstrate high linguistic creativity, yet the development process remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to analyze the forms of new slang vocabulary formation and the factors that drive this linguistic creativity. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach, where data were collected through observations on social media platforms and interviews with teenage internet users. The research findings indicate that the development of new slang vocabulary occurs through several methods, including word truncation, word combination, the use of interjections, and the adaptation of the meaning of old words. Factors supporting this linguistic creativity include the need for group identity, the desire to express oneself, and easy access to information via the internet. The implications of this study are to provide a better understanding of language development in the digital era, which can be used as a reference for developing language learning materials.

This literature study analyzes mobile device restriction policies in schools within the context of IT-based deep learning. The research examines three main dimensions: (1) device restriction policies from child protection and learning quality perspectives, (2) technology's role in supporting deep learning aligned with numeracy literacy in the Merdeka Curriculum, and (3) policy formulation that accommodates IT-based learning needs. Using qualitative library research methodology with content analysis, this study synthesizes findings from Scopus-indexed international journals and SINTA-indexed national journals (2014-2025). Results indicate that device restriction policies significantly improve academic achievement (a 6.4% increase in test scores) and student well-being, particularly for low-performing and disadvantaged students. However, effectiveness depends on pedagogical quality, digital literacy, and infrastructure support. Technology integration through adaptive platforms, gamification, and digital tools effectively supports deep learning and numeracy literacy development. This study recommends balanced policies combining structured restrictions during learning hours with strategic technology integration guided by the TPACK framework, supported by comprehensive digital literacy programs and adequate infrastructure

Critical thinking skills are considered a fundamental skill essential for facing the challenges and complex issues of the 21st century. One teaching strategy considered effective in fostering these skills is the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) method. This study aims to describe the application of PBL in the teaching and learning process and its impact on strengthening students' critical thinking skills. The approach used in this research is classroom action research (CAR) with descriptive qualitative methods. The study results revealed that the use of PBL can improve students' critical thinking skills, particularly in the aspects of interpretation, analysis, and assessment. In addition, the implementation of PBL also has a positive impact on increasing student activeness, collaboration skills, and independence in the learning process. Obstacles encountered during the learning process can be minimized through the application of appropriate strategies, such as providing scaffolding and optimizing the use of digital-based learning resources. These findings make an important contribution to the development of more effective teaching methods in improving the quality of students' critical thinking in schools, as well as offering practical solutions for teachers to increase student engagement in problem-based learning.

The increasingly complex growth of urban mobility requires an analytical approach that can optimize transportation networks effectively and sustainably. Graph theory is one of the mathematical methods widely used in modeling road network structures and analyzing inter-node connectivity to obtain more efficient routing and network optimization solutions. This study aims to systematically review the development of graph theory application in urban transportation network optimization through the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. The review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 protocol for articles published between 2020 and 2025. A total of ten articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in depth. The review results show that graph algorithms such as Dijkstra, Bellman–Ford, Floyd–Warshall, Minimum Spanning Tree (MST), Graph Neural Network (GNN), and the hybrid Dijkstra–A* method can improve route efficiency, reduce travel time, improve navigation accuracy, and strengthen congestion prediction capabilities. In general, graph theory has proven to be an effective and adaptive approach in supporting urban transportation network planning and management. Further research is recommended to integrate graph theory with real-time traffic data and artificial intelligence technology to improve the accuracy and responsiveness of modern transportation systems.

The integration of Western psychology and Islamic perspectives has become a significant issue in the development of contemporary knowledge and education. The rapid advancement of modern psychology requires synthesis with Islamic epistemology to provide a more contextual response to academic and practical needs, particularly in the areas of education, counseling, and character development. This article aims to address the research question: What are the trends in integrating Western psychology and Islamic perspectives in recent literature, and what are their implications for the theory and practice of Islamic education? This study employs a qualitative approach through a literature review method. Articles were collected via Google Scholar and Publish or Perish using the keywords “integration of psychology” AND “Islamic education.” From an initial pool of 40 articles, the screening process yielded 5 articles that met the criteria of publication year (2021–2025), topical relevance, and open access availability. The review reveals three main themes: (1) epistemological integration emphasizing the Islamization of knowledge; (2) the application of Islamic psychology in education, counseling, and curriculum development; and (3) conceptual and practical challenges in linking Western psychology with Islamic paradigms. This synthesis highlights the importance of integrative frameworks to enhance the relevance of Islamic psychology in academic and social contexts. Future studies should broaden empirical methodologies and further develop cross-disciplinary applied models.

The Selected Topics in Secondary School Mathematics course is a strategic subject in the mathematics education program, as it plays a crucial role in connecting mathematical theory with its application in secondary school teaching. However, various studies indicate that students often face difficulties in understanding this subject, particularly in mastering fundamental concepts, maintaining learning motivation, and applying concepts in instructional contexts. This study aims to identify effective learning strategies to overcome these challenges through a literature review approach. Data were collected from national and international journals published within the last five years, focusing on learning strategies and students’ learning difficulties. The findings reveal that the implementation of Project-Based Learning can enhance conceptual understanding and higher-order thinking skills, metacognitive-based strategies promote independent learning, the integration of character values strengthens motivation and academic ethics, and the use of interactive digital media facilitates the visualization of abstract concepts. This review concludes that the development of holistic, adaptive, and contextual learning strategies serves as an effective solution to address students’ difficulties in the Selected Topics in Secondary School Mathematics course while preparing them to become competent and character-driven future educators.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Islamic character education through the integration of the Qur’an memorization program (Tahfiz al-Qur’an) and Islamic Religious Education (PAI) at MA An Nur Prima, Medan, North Sumatra. The institution adopts a unique curriculum model in which students participate in Tahfiz activities every morning from 08:00 to 11:00, followed by formal learning, including PAI subjects, from 11:00 to 15:00. This design reflects a systematic effort to instill Islamic values through intensive interaction with the Qur’an while ensuring the achievement of academic competencies. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation during a four-week Professional Capacity Development (PKP) program. The findings show that Islamic character values such as discipline, responsibility, patience, perseverance, and love for the Qur’an were successfully cultivated through the synergy between the Tahfiz program and PAI instruction. Supporting factors included structured school discipline, strong collaboration between Tahfiz supervisors and PAI teachers, as well as high levels of students’ spiritual motivation. However, several challenges emerged, such as student fatigue, reduced concentration in afternoon classes, and differences in self-regulation skills. To address these issues, the school and teachers applied strategies such as providing an ISHOMA break, have lunch (rest, prayer, and meal), encouraging congregational Zuhur prayer, supplying meals to restore energy, incorporating ice-breaking activities, and designing interactive and engaging learning sessions. In conclusion, the integration of Tahfiz al-Qur’an and PAI proved effective in developing Islamic character values while maintaining a balance between students’ spiritual formation and academic performance.

This study aims to examine in depth the impact of using ChatGPT as a supporting learning medium on the conceptual understanding of mathematics among eleventh-grade students at MA Aisyiyah Sungguminasa. The background of this research arises from the low level of students’ comprehension of mathematical concepts, as reflected in frequent mistakes in solving problems, difficulties in connecting one concept to another, and a lack of confidence in problem-solving. This condition indicates the need for innovative learning approaches that can provide more interactive, detailed, and easily understood explanations for students. The research method employed was descriptive qualitative with a case study approach. The research subjects consisted of eleventh-grade students who utilized ChatGPT in learning mathematics, particularly on the topics of functions and quadratic equations. Data collection techniques included direct classroom observation, in-depth interviews with students and teachers, and analysis of students’ work produced with the assistance of ChatGPT. The findings revealed that the use of ChatGPT had a positive impact on improving students’ understanding of mathematical concepts. Students became more capable of grasping fundamental ideas, following systematic steps in problem-solving, and applying mathematical concepts in different contexts. Moreover, ChatGPT fostered independent learning, increased curiosity, and encouraged the development of students’ critical thinking skills. Nevertheless, challenges were also identified, such as students’ potential dependency on the application and the risk of misinterpretation without proper guidance. Therefore, the integration of ChatGPT into learning should be carried out under the supervision of teachers to ensure that learning outcomes are more effective, optimal, and sustainable.

This study aims to examine the management of facilities and infrastructure at Dayah Ar-Raudhah Lhokseumawe, a traditional Islamic educational institution in Aceh. As an institution that combines Islamic values with a pesantren-based education system, adequate facilities and infrastructure are crucial for supporting the teaching and learning process and fostering the character of its students. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach to comprehensively describe how the management of facilities such as classrooms, dormitories, mosques, public kitchens, and libraries is carried out practically and contextually. Data were obtained through direct observation and in-depth interviews with the dayah leadership, facility managers, and students, complemented by visual documentation. The results indicate that limited operational funds are a major obstacle hindering the optimal development of facilities and infrastructure. Furthermore, the lack of professional technical personnel also hinders the ongoing maintenance of facilities. However, the active participation of students and dayah staff in environmental maintenance and cleanliness activities has a positive impact on facility utilization. Routine mutual cooperation activities, a sense of shared responsibility, and a religious approach to maintaining cleanliness and well-being are unique strengths of Dayah Ar-Raudhah. This study recommends several strategic steps, such as partnering with external parties for fundraising, technical training for staff and students, and developing an internal educational program that emphasizes the importance of facility maintenance as part of Islamic values. This participatory, values-based management model is expected to inspire and serve as a reference for other dayahs in the Aceh region in building healthy, clean, and sustainable learning environments.

Reading and numeracy skills are the main foundations for the learning process, cognitive development, and student success in everyday life. However, in Indonesia, these two basic skills remain a serious challenge, particularly at the elementary school level. Based on the results of the 2023 National Assessment, 61.53% of students have not achieved minimum competency in reading literacy, and 46.67% have not met basic standards in numeracy. This condition reflects a significant gap between curriculum targets and actual achievements in the field. This low achievement is influenced by various factors, including uneven teacher quality and competence, limited educational infrastructure such as inadequate libraries, limited internet access, especially in remote areas, and disparities in literacy development between regions. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a literature review method and analysis of empirical data from various sources, including government reports, national survey results, and previous research, to identify the root causes and formulate improvement strategies. The study results indicate that strengthening the foundations of basic education must be done through improving teacher competency, ongoing training, and updating teaching methods to be more contextual. The use of educational technology and digital media can be an innovative solution to expand access to quality learning, especially in areas with limited facilities. Furthermore, revitalizing school and community libraries, as well as strengthening community-based literacy programs, is considered capable of fostering a culture of reading and numeracy from an early age. With a comprehensive approach, collaboration between the government, schools, communities, and the private sector can create an inclusive, responsive, and sustainable education ecosystem. This joint effort is expected to reduce the literacy and numeracy achievement gap, while preparing a young generation that is capable, critical, and adaptive to future challenges.

This research is motivated by the problems faced by students in understanding fictional texts. Many students struggle to connect literary content with their personal experiences or real-life contexts, resulting in low reading interest, poor comprehension, and limited participation in literature learning. To address this issue, this study aims to develop an electronic module on fictional works based on Bogor’s local wisdom, to be integrated into Indonesian language learning at the secondary school level. The module is designed using local folk stories from the Bogor region—such as legends, myths, and traditional tales—which are rich in cultural and moral values. This approach seeks to make literary material more relatable, contextual, and meaningful for students, thus enhancing their engagement and understanding. This research employs the Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model, which consists of five stages: 1) Analysis, 2) Design, 3) Development, 4) Implementation, and 5) Evaluation. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews with teachers and students, expert validation (media, content, and language), and questionnaires to assess students’ responses to the developed module. The results indicate that the module received a very high level of validation from experts: 94.4% from media experts, 96.6% from content experts, and the Sundanese translation was reviewed and verified by language experts. Student responses during both initial and main trials showed that the module was categorized as highly feasible and effective. These findings demonstrate that the electronic module meets technical, pedagogical, and cultural standards. In conclusion, this study contributes to the development of culturally responsive teaching materials and offers an innovative and engaging alternative for literature instruction. It also supports students in deepening their appreciation for local culture while improving their ability to understand and analyze fictional texts more effectively.

This research is motivated by the difficulties experienced by students in imagining and composing fantasy stories. To overcome this, a Flipbook-based e-module was developed for the Indonesian Language subject with fantasy story text material containing elements of critical reasoning to train students' critical reasoning skills. The purpose of this research is to develop digital learning media that facilitates the learning process. The research uses the ADDIE development model (analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation). This research was conducted at Puspita Middle School with 39 students of class VII-G as research subjects. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and questionnaires to students, educators, media experts and material experts to assess the feasibility of the e-module. The results showed that the e-module was declared valid and practical to use, with an assessment from media experts of 86.67%, material experts 98.67%, indicating a statement that it was very appropriate without revision, and an assessment from Indonesian Language teachers of 94.67%, and student responses of 96.14%. Thus, the e-module of fantasy story texts containing critical reasoning based on flipbooks gets a very good and very decent category.  

This social project aims to instill character values and develop critical thinking skills among children at Insan Madani Orphanage, Blitar Regency. The program was designed as a form of community service by PGSD students of Nahdlatul Ulama University Blitar through an educational, interactive, and practical approach. Activities included seminars, discussions, educational games, poster-making, and hands-on projects such as planting vegetables. The method emphasized participatory learning to foster values such as responsibility, cooperation, and empathy, while simultaneously training logical, analytical, and reflective thinking skills. The results showed high enthusiasm and active participation from the children in each session. They were able to express ideas confidently and demonstrated improvement in understanding character concepts and critical thinking. The orphanage welcomed the program and expressed hope for future collaboration. For the students, this activity provided real-world experience in applying character education and nurturing social awareness. This program demonstrates that the synergy between character development and critical thinking training is essential to shaping a golden generation that is intellectually capable and morally grounded.

This research aims to analyze the application of Croissant processing in Pastry & Bakery Section of Ciputra World Hotel Surabaya. This stage starts from weighing the ingredients, mixing the dough, making lamination, cutting the dough, proofing, baking, and serving croisaant. The focus of the research was on the processing stages of lamination formation using single fold 3 times and producing 27 clearly visible thin layers. The research method involved observation, interview, and structured questionnaire with eight respondents (pastry chef, CDP pastry, demi chef, commis, daily worker, trainee). Results showed the majority of respondents rated the selection of raw materials, control of kneading temperature, resting of dough, and number of laminations as “Good” to “Very Good,” although there is a need for improvement in the understanding of temperature control. The processing process includes ingredient preparation, dough making (gluten development, elasticity), lamination forming (folding and rolling with butter), dough shaping, proofing (final fermentation for volume), and baking, Presentation involves visual double check, test panel, as well as cleanliness of equipment for safety.