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This study aims to examine the historical origins and development of the sociology of education, explore the biographies and ideas of key scholars from both Islamic and Western traditions, and analyze their relevance in the context of modern education. The development of education has always been closely linked to social, political, and economic dynamics, which gave rise to the sociology of education as a discipline that investigates the relationship between education and social change. Contemporary challenges such as social inequality, the impacts of globalization and technological advancement, and the growing demand for the democratization of education require a comprehensive examination of the major sociological theories that have emerged over time. This research employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method through the analysis of relevant books and scholarly journal articles. The findings indicate that the ideas of scholars such as Ibn Khaldun, Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Herbert Spencer, George Herbert Mead, Talcott Parsons, and Ali Shariati have made significant contributions to understanding the functions, conflicts, and interactions within education. Structural functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist theories provide complementary analytical frameworks for explaining education’s role as a means of social integration, an arena for the reproduction of inequality, and a space for the construction of meaning and identity. By adopting a comparative approach across different intellectual traditions, this study offers a holistic perspective for the development of the sociology of education in the modern era.

The digital era has significantly transformed the external environment of educational institutions, demanding swift, strategic, and innovative adaptation to remain relevant to societal needs. Key external factors such as rapid technological advancement, evolving government policies, globalization of education, and disparities in digital access pose substantial challenges to maintaining educational quality. Institutions that fail to adapt risk falling behind in both learning quality and graduate competitiveness. This study aims to explore effective adaptation strategies for educational institutions amid these digital dynamics. Employing a literature review with a descriptive qualitative approach, the research analyzes various sources discussing educational responses to technological and policy developments. The findings highlight essential strategies such as integrating a technology-based curriculum, adopting digital learning platforms, enhancing educators’ digital literacy, and improving technological infrastructure to support distance learning. Strengthening institutional capacity to manage digital transformation also becomes a vital component. Furthermore, collaboration with stakeholders—government, private sector, and society—is vital for building an inclusive educational ecosystem. Community involvement and industry partnerships can support resource development and ensure curriculum relevance. However, implementation barriers remain, including insufficient teacher training in digital pedagogy, unequal internet access in remote areas, and limited funding. These issues necessitate digital-oriented education policy evaluations and stronger regulatory frameworks to bridge the digital divide. The study concludes that successful adaptation goes beyond merely adopting technology. Sustainable transformation also depends on continuous evaluation and support systems. By implementing the right strategies and addressing key obstacles, educational institutions can effectively navigate digital challenges and foster sustainable, future-oriented learning environments aligned with contemporary demands.

This Study aims to describe the implementation of teacher professional ethics at Palangkaraya Christian High School and identify the challenges faced the context of 21st century learning. Teacher professional ethics are a very important moral foundation in carrying out educational tasks, especially in an era marked by technological developments, globalization, and changes in students character. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that most teachers at palangkaraya Christian high school have implemented etchial values such as responsibility, integrity, fairness, and respect for students, However, there are significant challenges such as the digital literacy gap, ethical boundaries in the use of social media, and pressure to adapt learning methods to the characteristics of today’s students. Therefore, a sustainable strategy is needed to strengthen teacher professional ethics through training, character building, and collaboration between schools, parents, and the community.    

Character education is very important to form a strong generation, especially in facing the challenges of the digitalization and globalization era. The purpose of this article is to investigate how character education is incorporated into the national curriculum and how it functions to build students' morals and ethics. This study analyzes literature from various journals, books, and articles that discuss the theory, implementation, and policies of character education in elementary to secondary schools. The results show that character education has become an important part of the national curriculum by strengthening values ​​such as honesty, responsibility, cooperation, and anti-corruption. However, the implementation continues to face problems such as lack of teacher instruction, inconsistent implementation, and the strong influence of digital culture. Therefore, schools, families, and communities must work together so that character values ​​can be instilled properly. It is hoped that this study will help efforts to improve the quality of character education in Indonesia.

Teenagers, as the future generation of the nation, are facing significant challenges due to the rapid flow of globalization, technological advancements, and the weakening of social control and character education. This study aims to identify the factors contributing to the prevalence of promiscuity among teenagers, analyze its impact on social skills, and propose preventive and educational solutions. Using a literature review method, data were gathered from various relevant scientific sources published in the last five years. The results of the study show that promiscuity has negative effects on the physical and mental health, as well as the social relationships of teenagers, including teenage pregnancies, drug abuse, sexual deviation, and the decline of social skills. The minimal role of the family, the weakness of moral education, low self-control, and inadequate sex education are the main factors exacerbating this issue. On the other hand, the involvement of parents, religious education, and community-based approaches have proven effective in building the moral resilience of teenagers. The implications of this study highlight the importance of synergy between families, schools, and communities in instilling character values and equipping teenagers with healthy social skills to face the challenges of the era.

Advances in information and communication technology have had a significant impact on the world of education, especially in increasing cultural literacy in elementary schools. Cultural literacy is the ability to understand and appreciate cultural norms, values ​​and diversity, which is very important in the era of globalization. One potential technology-based learning media is Educaplay, this interactive platform provides various interesting learning features. This research aims to analyze the use of Educaplay as a cultural literacy medium through the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. The research results show that Educaplay is able to increase students' interest and understanding of local culture through an interactive, flexible and contextual learning approach. This media also strengthens students' digital skills and encourages attitudes of tolerance and respect for cultural diversity. These findings underline the importance of integrating technology in cultural learning to create a generation that is culturally literate and globally competitive.

The religion of Islam, revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, continues to evolve over time, with Indonesia being a Muslim-majority country with a population of approximately 229.62 million people (87.2% of the total population). With the world's Muslim population projected to reach 2.2 billion by 2030, Indonesia accounts for around 13.1% of the global Muslim population. This study aims to examine the role of social media as a means of da'wah, the challenges faced, and solutions to overcome these challenges. Through a survey involving 76 respondents, it was found that the utilization of social media for Islamic da'wah content is still relatively low; the majority of respondents only occasionally search for and rarely share da'wah content. Challenges in da'wah in the era of globalization include laziness to access content, diverse preferences for preachers and methods, and the existence of invalid content. The findings suggest the need for more effective strategies to increase public interest and participation in da'wah through social media

The Civics Education (PKn) subject is one of the courses that holds a strategic and important role in shaping the multicultural traits and attitudes of students, with the expectation that each individual can become a good person. In the era of globalization and the advancement of information technology, the challenges in instilling an attitude of tolerance are increasingly complex. Therefore, innovation in PKn teaching methods is an urgent need. Technological advancements offer new opportunities in the educational world. The use of technology in learning can enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the teaching-learning process, as well as make learning more engaging and relevant for students. Technology-based PKn learning innovations can be a solution to instill tolerance attitudes in a more interactive, collaborative, and contextual way. The research method used is qualitative, a research model that utilizes descriptive data in the form of written or spoken language from observable people and actors. This qualitative research is conducted to explain and analyze the phenomena of individuals or groups, events, social dynamics, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions. Interview and observation results show that at SMP NEGERI 35 MEDAN, the application of technology in Civics Education has successfully instilled an attitude of tolerance well. Media such as PowerPoint, images, and videos are used to facilitate students' understanding of the material, and teachers' examples become a reflection of students' behavior. However, there are obstacles in the form of limited facilities and infrastructure, as well as challenges in maintaining students' focus during lessons. These challenges can be overcome by using engaging learning media that can stimulate students' activity.

Education is a complex process that involves knowledge transfer, character development and philosophical values. Pancasila and Citizenship Education is very important to shape the character of the young generation, especially students, in Indonesia. To develop solidarity and nationalism, understanding national identity is important, especially for the younger generation who act as agents of change in the era of globalization. This study aims to explore the role of Pancasila and Citizenship education in shaping the character of university students as agents of change and guardians of national values amid the influence of globalization. This study collects, reviews and analyzes various literatures, including books, scientific articles, journals and relevant documents. As agents of change, political controllers, and guardians of national values, students play an important role in Indonesia's progress. Citizenship education is still needed to form a young generation that has a national spirit, loves the country, and actively participates in nation building. Pancasila education is essential to build awareness of national identity and a spirit of patriotism in the younger generation. Students act as drivers of change who defend the nation's values and support state integration. Civic education helps build a strong, knowledgeable and committed national character. This education is not only part of the academic curriculum, but also a commitment to forming a responsible generation that has high civic awareness.

Digital literacy has become crucial in the current era of globalization and digitalization. In response to this, the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology launched the National Digital Literacy Movement (GNLD). This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of the National Digital Literacy Movement (GNLD) in improving digital literacy in Indonesia and its contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. The study employs a literature review method by analyzing articles, news, and various other publications published between 2017-2024 related to GNLD. The analysis shows that the National Digital Literacy Movement (GNLD) has successfully increased awareness and digital skills across various layers of society, especially in urban areas. This program also contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030, including no poverty, quality education, gender equality, justice, and reduced inequalities. However, challenges remain in implementing GNLD, such as uneven access to technology and local cultures in some areas that do not support the initiative. The National Digital Literacy Movement (GNLD) is a highly strategic program with a significant contribution to achieving the SDGs 2030. Efforts to enhance and evaluate the program are necessary to ensure that its benefits can be equitably experienced by all segments of society.