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This article examines the relationship between Islam and the local traditions of the Minangkabau community in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The focus covers three main issues: the historical process of Islamization, the philosophy of Adat Basandi Syarak, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah (ABS-SBK), and the coexistence of the matrilineal kinship system with Islamic inheritance law. Using a qualitative approach through systematic literature review of peer-reviewed journals published between 2020 and 2025, the study synthesizes findings from multiple academic sources. The results reveal that Islam entered Minangkabau gradually through trade and the surau educational institution, rather than through forced conversion. The resulting ABS-SBK philosophy meaning customary law is grounded in Islamic law, which is grounded in the Quran serves as a comprehensive life guide integrating religious norms with adat practices. The matrilineal inheritance system (pusaka tinggi) coexists with Islamic inheritance law (faraid) through a functional distinction: communal ancestral property follows adat, while individually acquired property follows Islamic law. Contemporary challenges such as globalization, urbanization, and weakened institutional roles of adat leaders threaten the vitality of ABS-SBK, though cultural revitalization efforts show promising resilience. This study concludes that Minangkabau represents a unique model of Islam-culture integration in the Indonesian archipelago.

This study aims to examine the historical origins and development of the sociology of education, explore the biographies and ideas of key scholars from both Islamic and Western traditions, and analyze their relevance in the context of modern education. The development of education has always been closely linked to social, political, and economic dynamics, which gave rise to the sociology of education as a discipline that investigates the relationship between education and social change. Contemporary challenges such as social inequality, the impacts of globalization and technological advancement, and the growing demand for the democratization of education require a comprehensive examination of the major sociological theories that have emerged over time. This research employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method through the analysis of relevant books and scholarly journal articles. The findings indicate that the ideas of scholars such as Ibn Khaldun, Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Herbert Spencer, George Herbert Mead, Talcott Parsons, and Ali Shariati have made significant contributions to understanding the functions, conflicts, and interactions within education. Structural functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist theories provide complementary analytical frameworks for explaining education’s role as a means of social integration, an arena for the reproduction of inequality, and a space for the construction of meaning and identity. By adopting a comparative approach across different intellectual traditions, this study offers a holistic perspective for the development of the sociology of education in the modern era.

Assessment practices in Indonesian language learning at vocational high schools are still predominantly oriented toward written tests and cognitive achievement, resulting in limited measurement of communicative competence, language politeness, and self-control. This condition is not fully aligned with the characteristics of vocational education, which prepares students to meet workplace demands through professional communication skills and strong personal character. This study aims to develop an integrative authentic assessment model based on language politeness and self-control in Indonesian language learning at vocational high schools. The study employed a qualitative approach using library research by analyzing 16 relevant references consisting of journal articles, policy documents, and supporting academic sources. Data were analyzed through identification, classification, comparison, interpretation, and conceptual synthesis. The findings reveal that the proposed model should integrate four principal dimensions: linguistic knowledge, language skills, language politeness, and self-control. The model may be implemented through contextual assessment tasks such as presentations, job interview simulations, customer service practices, digital portfolios, peer assessment, and reflective evaluation. This model offers a more comprehensive assessment framework and may serve as a practical guideline for teachers in evaluating students’ academic competence, communication ethics, and work readiness. The study contributes to the development of character-based assessment innovation in vocational education..

This literature study examines the procedures for developing creativity test instruments based on creative thinking indicators in educational assessment. The background of this study is driven by the limited availability of appropriate instruments that can accurately measure students’ creative thinking skills, as most existing assessments still emphasize lower-order thinking. The objective of this study is to analyze systematic procedures in developing valid and reliable creativity test instruments. The method used is a qualitative literature review of various studies on instrument development, particularly those applying Research and Development (R&D) approaches such as 4-D models. The findings show that the development process generally involves several stages, including needs analysis, formulation of test specifications, construction of items based on creative thinking indicators (fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration), expert validation, limited trials, and statistical analysis of validity and reliability. These indicators represent core dimensions of creative thinking that must be integrated into the instrument to ensure comprehensive measurement . The implications of this study highlight that systematic and theory-based procedures are essential to produce high-quality instruments that are valid, reliable, and practical, thereby supporting effective evaluation and fostering students’ creative thinking skills.

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of a scholarship program established through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Government of Labuhanbatu Utara Regency and partner universities, and to analyze its impact on the educational quality of scholarship recipients. The study is motivated by the low participation rate in higher education in the region, despite the government’s efforts to improve human resource quality through scholarship initiatives. Fluctuations in the number of recipients and implementation challenges highlight the need for a comprehensive evaluation. This research employs a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis involving key informants such as program administrators and scholarship recipients. Quantitative data were obtained through surveys using questionnaires. The evaluation uses the CIPP model (Context, Input, Process, Product) to assess policy context, resources, implementation processes, and program outcomes. The findings indicate that the MoU-based scholarship program positively contributes to improving access and quality of education, although some limitations remain. Overall, the program represents a strategic effort to enhance human resources, reduce educational disparities, and strengthen the competitiveness of the younger generation.

Fatherlessness is a condition in which individuals grow up without adequate paternal presence or involvement, either physically or emotionally. This condition is not only related to the absence of a father figure within the family structure, but also to the limited role of fathers in providing emotional support, moral guidance, and a sense of security for their children. The phenomenon of fatherlessness has the potential to cause various psychological wounds that affect personality development and mental well-being. This study aims to explore in depth the psychological experiences and forms of emotional distress experienced by fatherless individuals within the environment of Universitas Nasional Pasim Bandung. The study employed a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with ten informants who had fatherless backgrounds due to divorce, death, or emotional unavailability of the father. The data were analyzed through processes of reduction, categorization, and conclusion drawing to obtain a comprehensive understanding. The findings indicate that the absence of a father has a significant impact on various aspects of psychological development, particularly self-esteem, emotional regulation, identity formation, and patterns of social relationships. Informants tended to experience self-doubt, heightened sensitivity to criticism, confusion regarding life direction, and difficulties in expressing and managing emotions. However, the experience of fatherlessness did not produce uniform effects across individuals. Informants who received strong emotional support from mothers, extended family members, or supportive social environments demonstrated better adaptive abilities in coping with emotional stress and building healthy interpersonal relationships. These findings emphasize that fatherlessness is not merely an issue of a father’s physical absence, but a long-term psychological experience that shapes how individuals perceive themselves, others, and their surroundings.

This study aims to analyze the adaptation of new students to academic workload in higher education and to identify the factors that influence their success or failure. The approach used is qualitative with a literature study. Data were analyzed thematically thru the stages of reduction, display, and conclusion drawing, resulting in key patterns regarding the dynamics of new student adaptation. The results show that the majority of new students experience difficulties in their first semester, especially when the credit load exceeds 20 credits and they are faced with complex assignment demands, periodic exams, and independent time management. This condition triggers academic stress, emotional exhaustion, decreased motivation, and even burnout, contributing to the high dropout rate in the first year. On the other hand, self-efficacy and emotional intelligence have been shown to act as protective factors capable of reducing stress levels and improving the effectiveness of coping strategies. Additionally, comprehensive orientation programs, time management workshops, academic advising, and a supportive campus environment have been proven to improve retention and accelerate the adaptation process. This research concludes that the adaptation of new students is a multidimensional process that requires both personal capacity building and systemic support from the university. The proposed recommendations include phased curriculum design, the development of instrument-based adaptation counselling services, and the implementation of a continuous mentoring program to reduce the risk of adaptation failure and optimize the academic potential of new students.

The historical approach is a scientific method used to understand past events by examining elements such as time, place, actors, cause-and-effect relationships, and the broader socio-cultural context in which events occurred. In Islamic studies, this approach is especially important because religious teachings were revealed and practiced within particular historical situations. Understanding the historical background, including asbab al-nuzul, helps scholars interpret religious texts more accurately and avoid rigid or decontextualized interpretations. In addition, history has several functions, such as recreational, inspirational, instructive, and educational roles, which contribute to broadening insight, shaping moral character, and supporting effective learning processes. Historical research is conducted through systematic stages, including heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography, to ensure that historical analysis and writing are objective, credible, and accountable. Therefore, the historical approach serves as a fundamental framework in Islamic studies and other scientific fields for achieving a comprehensive, contextual, and sustainable understanding of the development of society, culture, and human thought.

This journal comprehensively examines the history of the United States from European colonization to independence in 1776. The investigation begins with the arrival of Europeans, who first set foot on the American continent and established colonies. The process of establishing these colonies played a crucial role in shaping the social, economic, and political structures of the Americas. Over time, dissatisfaction with perceived oppressive British rule sparked revolutionary struggles. These tensions culminated in events such as the Boston Rebellion and the imposition of unwanted taxes. This struggle ultimately led to the Declaration of Independence in 1776, which declared America's independence from Britain. This transformation from the Thirteen Colonies into an independent nation upholding the principles of liberty and popular sovereignty was a significant historical milestone. American independence inspired independence movements in many other countries, exerting a significant influence on the development of world history. Furthermore, this struggle also introduced new concepts in government, such as democracy, human rights, and government based on popular consent, which became the foundation of modern political systems in many countries. The struggle proved that the people have the power to overthrow tyranny and build a nation based on the principles of justice and freedom.

Inclusive education is an educational service system that provides opportunities for all students, including children with special needs, to learn together in a shared educational environment. One such child with special needs who requires special attention in the learning process is a child with writing difficulties (dysgraphia). This study aims to describe the application of assessment instruments, as well as the writing abilities and challenges experienced by students with dysgraphia at SDN Nurbayan 1, Tangerang City. The research method used was descriptive qualitative research, with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation. The study subjects consisted of a student with dysgraphia and the classroom teacher. The results showed that the student experienced challenges in fine motor skills, letter and word formation, writing consistency, and writing speed. The application of assessment instruments, such as observation sheets, anecdotal notes, and interviews, provided a comprehensive picture of the student's abilities and learning needs. Although technical writing skills were still relatively low, the student demonstrated a strong interest and motivation in writing activities. Therefore, the application of appropriate, flexible, and process-oriented assessment instruments is essential to support the development of the writing abilities of children with dysgraphia in an inclusive educational environment.

This study aims to explore the historical and intellectual trajectory of physical education tracing its evolution from ancient civilizations to the modern era. Through a comprehensive analysis of the social cultural and scientific dimensions that have shaped the objectives and methods of this vital educational field the research investigates how physical education has always been interwoven with the prevailing religious political and philosophical ideologies of its time. Adopting a historical-analytical methodology the study examines key transitional phases—from the use of physical education in ancient societies for religious rites and military preparation through its marginalization during the conservative religious dominance of the Middle Ages to its revival during the Renaissance and Enlightenment where humanistic philosophies re-established the unity of body and mind within a holistic worldview. In the modern era physical education has emerged as an institutionalized and science-based discipline grounded in biology psychology and pedagogy. It has moved beyond its traditional functions to become a transformative tool for developing a well-rounded human being—physically mentally and socially. The findings reveal that the development of physical education over time was neither superficial nor merely procedural. Rather it reflected profound shifts in perceptions of the human body and its place within broader value systems. The comparison between ancient and modern perspectives highlights a significant shift: from shaping obedient bodies under authority to empowering individuals through self-awareness psychological well-being and active civic participation. Contemporary physical education therefore is no longer confined to physical performance; it serves as a holistic approach to preparing individuals to meet life’s challenges with balance and adaptability. The study recommends a re-evaluation of modern curricula to incorporate the rich historical and philosophical legacy of physical education along with greater integration of psychological and social dimensions within its pedagogical aims. It further calls for comparative research grounded in culturally nuanced frameworks that link past insights with present needs contributing to the creation of more humane and integrated educational models. Finally, the research underscores the critical role of specialized physical education instructors and advocates for their training to include leadership guidance and psychosocial support competencies beyond technical instruction.

This study examines the implementation and effectiveness of the domestic product affirmation (pdn) and local product policies in bangkalan regency. Despite the strong legal framework established by national regulations such as presidential regulation no. 12/2021 and presidential instruction no. 2/2022, the realization of these policies faces significant challenges at the local level. The research identifies critical barriers, including the mismatch between supply and demand, limited product certification, and inadequate capacity of local micro, small, and medium enterprises (msmes) to meet quality and compliance standards. Furthermore, the study reveals that the low awareness and commitment among procurement officials, combined with administrative delays and insufficient supervision, hamper the achievement of target procurement goals, such as allocating at least 40% of government expenditure to local and msme products. Data collected through interviews, participant observations, and document analysis highlight that strengthening local msmes’ capacity, improving product quality standards, facilitating certification processes, and fostering stakeholder collaboration are essential strategies for optimizing the policy’s impact. The findings suggest that a comprehensive, multidimensional approach involving capacity building, standardization, policy enforcement, and continuous monitoring is critical to realizing the full potential of pdn and local product affirmation policies. Ensuring an effective synergy among government agencies, industry players, and oversight institutions can significantly enhance local economic growth, promote regional self-reliance, and improve the welfare of the local community. This study underscores the importance of targeted interventions and supportive mechanisms to turn policy aspirations into tangible development outcomes in bangkalan and similar regions.

Early marriage, which involves at least one partner under the age of 18, is a serious global problem, including in Indonesia. Despite a decline in early marriage rates in recent decades, the practice is still prevalent especially in rural areas and areas with high poverty rates. This study aims to raise awareness of SMPN 1 Sub. East Panyabungan students about the dangers of early marriage through a comprehensive education program. The program used lecture methods, presentation, and interactive discussion. The results showed an increase in students understanding of the health risks, mental impacts, and social implications of early marriage. The approach proved effective in changing students attitudes, with many participants showing a commitment to delay marriage until a more mature age. This research makes an important contribution to early marriage prevention efforts in Indonesia, particularly in the context of school-based education in rural areas.

This study aims to describe the empowerment strategy of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) implemented by the Kebab Kenzatha MSME operating in Bukittinggi City. The background of this study is based on the important role of MSMEs in driving the local economy, particularly in creating jobs, increasing community income, and strengthening the domestic economic structure. MSME empowerment is a vital strategy in ensuring the sustainability and competitiveness of small and medium enterprises amidst increasingly competitive market competition. There are various dimensions in MSME empowerment, such as strengthening the capacity of individual business actors, increasing access to markets, access to capital, utilization of technology, and adequate policy or institutional support. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. This method was chosen because it is considered most appropriate to comprehensively and objectively describe the various empowerment strategies that have been or are being implemented by MSME actors, particularly Kebab Kenzatha. Through observation and in-depth interviews with MSME owners, researchers obtained information about business activities and marketing strategies implemented. Based on the results of observations, it is known that the Kebab Kenzatha MSME is still managed independently by its owner without the involvement of employees or additional labor. This indicates that its organizational structure is still very simple. Meanwhile, in terms of marketing strategy, this MSME utilizes its closest social networks, such as friends of the business owner and students at Campus V of Padang State University (UNP), as its primary target market. This approach reflects a marketing strategy based on social relationships and word-of-mouth promotion, commonly employed by MSMEs with limited resources. Therefore, the empowerment of the Kebab Kenzatha MSME is still in its early stages and requires further support for optimal long-term development.

This journal studies Project Based Learning (PjBL) as one of the innovative learning strategies that use projects or activities as a means of learning to improve students' learning motivation, learning outcomes, knowledge, and skills. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach with literature studies, namely by collecting and analyzing data from various scientific journals, articles, and relevant literature that discuss PjBL, active learning strategies, student learning motivation, and achievement of learning outcomes at various levels of education, especially at the elementary school level. The results of the study show that the implementation of PjBL has proven to be effective in increasing students' learning motivation because this approach emphasizes active involvement, collaboration, a sense of responsibility, and the development of students' creativity during the learning process. More than that, this strategy allows students to learn through hands-on experience and real-world problem-solving, thus making the learning process more contextual, fun, and meaningful. In addition to increasing motivation, PjBL also contributes significantly to improving learning outcomes, because students understand the material more easily when it is associated with daily life. These findings affirm the importance of implementing project-based learning strategies as an alternative learning model relevant to the needs of the 21st century, emphasizing critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and creativity (4C) skills. Therefore, this study recommends that teachers and educators integrate the PjBL approach systematically and structurally in learning planning and in the curriculum to improve the quality of education, student involvement, and learning outcomes in a comprehensive, effective, and sustainable manner.

Education plays an important role in shaping the character and intelligence of the younger generation, with discipline as a key value that must be instilled from an early age, especially in elementary schools. Discipline not only maintains order during the teaching and learning process but also shapes students' personalities comprehensively. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach through observation, interviews, and documentation to understand student discipline practices and the role of teachers in instilling this value in the classroom. The results show that discipline significantly contributes to students' academic success and is developed through consistent habituation. The teacher’s role as a behavioral model is crucial in fostering discipline awareness, with strategies involving students in rule-making as well as the implementation of educational rewards and punishments. Conversely, a lack of discipline causes disruptions in the learning process and lowers academic achievement. Therefore, sustainable discipline development involving multiple stakeholders is necessary to create an effective learning environment and strong student character

Bullying in elementary schools is a social problem that negatively impacts children’s psychological, social, and academic development. This study aims to examine the various forms of bullying occurring in elementary school settings, the underlying causes, and effective, sustainable prevention strategies. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, collecting data through observation, interviews, and document analysis. Findings reveal that bullying in elementary schools includes physical, verbal, social, and cyberbullying forms, which often go undetected due to underreporting. Contributing factors involve family environment, parenting styles, school supervision, and weak character education. Effective bullying prevention requires a comprehensive approach involving character education based on empathy and tolerance, teacher training, parental involvement, and firm yet educative anti-bullying policies. In conclusion, collaboration among all stakeholders in creating a safe and inclusive school environment is crucial to reducing bullying behaviors and supporting children’s optimal development.

The development of methods in Arabic language learning in Islamic educational institutions has undergone various innovations, one of which is through the implementation of the qira'ah method using the Al-Arabiyyah Baina Yadaik textbook. This research aims to examine how the qira'ah method is implemented using the Al-Arabiyyah Baina Yadaik textbook for students in class 2A at Salafiyah Wustha Islamic Centre Bin Baz Yogyakarta. The qira'ah method, which emphasizes the ability to read and understand Arabic texts, becomes a strategic approach in comprehensively mastering the Arabic language. The Al-Arabiyyah Baina Yadaik textbook, as a systematic and integrated learning reference, is often chosen to develop students' language skills. Through the structured and contextual approach offered by this textbook, it is highly expected that students' ability to read and understand Arabic texts can increase significantly. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The research findings show that the implementation of the qira'ah method using the Al-Arabiyyah Baina Yadaik textbook has successfully improved the reading ability and understanding of Arabic texts among the students in class 2A. In conclusion, the selection of appropriate methods and teaching materials plays an important role in improving the effectiveness of Arabic language learning, particularly in developing reading and text comprehension skills in pesantren-based educational institutions such as Islamic Centre Bin Baz Yogyakarta.    

Technological developments and changes in the global world are driving rapid transformation in various aspects.The education system needs to undergo fundamental changes to prepare the next generation to face the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century. A new curriculum needs to be designed to teach students the essential skills of this century, such as critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and understanding digital literacy. The conventional curriculum model that focuses on mastering factual knowledge and basic skills is no longer sufficient.In order to change education, all aspects of the education ecosystem must be evaluated comprehensively, including the government, educational institutions, teachers, parents, and society as a whole. The curriculum must be updated to support project-based learning methods, cross-disciplinary research, and an emphasis on developing 21st century skills. In addition, the way of teaching must shift from a teacher-dominated approach to a student-focused approach, with the help of digital technology.

This article delves into the challenges of low reading interest and comprehension skills among primary school students, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to address these issues. Reading interest plays a pivotal role in academic development, making its enhancement a shared responsibility among students, teachers, and parents. Through a comprehensive literature review of relevant journals sourced from Google Scholar, the article identifies effective strategies to foster reading interest and improve comprehension skills. Key findings suggest that employing engaging instructional techniques can significantly boost students' reading interest and comprehension abilities. Additionally, cultivating reading habits from an early age by providing appealing reading materials has been shown to establish lasting reading habits into adulthood. Proficient reading skills not only broaden knowledge but also stimulate imagination and creativity. Consequently, educators are encouraged to actively implement effective reading strategies to support literacy development in primary schools.