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This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

This study examines the utilization of haiku as a form of response to postwar trauma through Kaneko Tota’s and Saito Sanki’s war-themed haiku. Following Japan’s defeat in World War II in 1945, a cultural shift occurred marked by transformation within traditional arts, particularly haiku, which became a significant medium for expressing traumatic historical and social experiences. Although both poets used haiku as a medium to express dissatisfaction and critique the socio-political conditions of the postwar period, they represented different generations and approaches in responding to postwar trauma. Saito, having directly experienced the trauma of war, developed a deconstructive strategy towards traditional haiku conventions. Meanwhile, Kaneko, belonging to the postwar generation, adopted a more radical approach in formal and semantic experimentation. These dual strategies not only embodied individual artistic responses to trauma but also contributed to a broader cultural project aimed at reconstructing Japan’s collective identity in the postwar era. Yuri Lotman’s cultural semiotics framework is employed to analyze the semiotic transformation dynamics in the poets' works. Lotman’s theory, with its key concepts of semiosphere, cultural text, and translation mechanisms, offers a comprehensive analytical tool for understanding the dynamics of sign systems and cultural meanings in World War II-themed haiku. From the analysis of five war-themed haiku, it is concluded that both poets constructed a collective trauma discourse. Rather than employing explicit descriptive narratives, the trauma discourse utilizes strong semiotic condensation strategies. Saito and Kaneko juxtaposed established cultural symbols and codes, such as Hiroshima as a metaphor of absolute destruction, the marathon as a symbol of life, breasts as a symbol of motherhood, and blooming flowers representing renewal into new surreal configurations that created novel meanings at the semiotic boundaries where tensions clashed.

This study examines the utilization of haiku as a form of response to postwar trauma through Kaneko Tota’s and Saito Sanki’s war-themed haiku. Following Japan’s defeat in World War II in 1945, a cultural shift occurred marked by transformation within traditional arts, particularly haiku, which became a significant medium for expressing traumatic historical and social experiences. Although both poets used haiku as a medium to express dissatisfaction and critique the socio-political conditions of the postwar period, they represented different generations and approaches in responding to postwar trauma. Saito, having directly experienced the trauma of war, developed a deconstructive strategy towards traditional haiku conventions. Meanwhile, Kaneko, belonging to the postwar generation, adopted a more radical approach in formal and semantic experimentation. These dual strategies not only embodied individual artistic responses to trauma but also contributed to a broader cultural project aimed at reconstructing Japan’s collective identity in the postwar era. Yuri Lotman’s cultural semiotics framework is employed to analyze the semiotic transformation dynamics in the poets' works. Lotman’s theory, with its key concepts of semiosphere, cultural text, and translation mechanisms, offers a comprehensive analytical tool for understanding the dynamics of sign systems and cultural meanings in World War II-themed haiku. From the analysis of five war-themed haiku, it is concluded that both poets constructed a collective trauma discourse. Rather than employing explicit descriptive narratives, the trauma discourse utilizes strong semiotic condensation strategies. Saito and Kaneko juxtaposed established cultural symbols and codes, such as Hiroshima as a metaphor of absolute destruction, the marathon as a symbol of life, breasts as a symbol of motherhood, and blooming flowers representing renewal into new surreal configurations that created novel meanings at the semiotic boundaries where tensions clashed.

This study analyzes the representation of psychological trauma and collective memory in the novel Laut Bercerita by Leila S. Chudori through the psychoanalytic approach of Sigmund Freud and Maurice Halbwachs’ theory of collective memory. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with content analysis techniques applied to the text. The findings reveal that the trauma experienced by the main character, Biru Laut, reflects internal conflicts among the id, ego, and superego, as well as the emergence of various defense mechanisms such as repression, sublimation, and acting out. Trauma is portrayed not only as an individual experience but also as a collective wound affecting families and communities, which manifests in symbolic actions like the Kamisan protest. The novel serves as a cathartic space and cultural archive that voices historical wounds while advocating for justice and social recovery. Thus, Laut Bercerita functions not only as a literary work but also as a reflective medium for understanding and preserving the nation's collective trauma.

This study analyzes the representation of psychological trauma and collective memory in the novel Laut Bercerita by Leila S. Chudori through the psychoanalytic approach of Sigmund Freud and Maurice Halbwachs’ theory of collective memory. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with content analysis techniques applied to the text. The findings reveal that the trauma experienced by the main character, Biru Laut, reflects internal conflicts among the id, ego, and superego, as well as the emergence of various defense mechanisms such as repression, sublimation, and acting out. Trauma is portrayed not only as an individual experience but also as a collective wound affecting families and communities, which manifests in symbolic actions like the Kamisan protest. The novel serves as a cathartic space and cultural archive that voices historical wounds while advocating for justice and social recovery. Thus, Laut Bercerita functions not only as a literary work but also as a reflective medium for understanding and preserving the nation's collective trauma.

Improving the quality of leraning in vocational high school (SMK) is essential to meet the demands of a competency-based workforce, especially in the Agricultural Food Crop and Horticultural Agribusiness expertise program. One of the challenges faced is the low student achievement in practical subjects, such as Grafting techniques. This study aims to enhance the learning outcomes of grade X ATPH 2 students at SMK negeri 1 Gondang through the implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model in the Agribusiness Food Crop and Horticulture subject, focusing on grafting material. This research employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) method conducted in two cycles, starting from the pre-cycle to cycle I. the research involved 30 students and was conducted from February to April 2025. The instrument used was a cognitive test analyzed quantitatively to measure student learning outcomes. The results showed an increase in the average student score from 51.23 in the pre-cycle to 76.2 in cycle I. the percentage of learning mastery also significantly increased from 16% to 57%. The implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PjBl) model provided a concrete and comprehensible learning experience, enhancing student participation and motivation.

Improving the quality of leraning in vocational high school (SMK) is essential to meet the demands of a competency-based workforce, especially in the Agricultural Food Crop and Horticultural Agribusiness expertise program. One of the challenges faced is the low student achievement in practical subjects, such as Grafting techniques. This study aims to enhance the learning outcomes of grade X ATPH 2 students at SMK negeri 1 Gondang through the implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model in the Agribusiness Food Crop and Horticulture subject, focusing on grafting material. This research employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) method conducted in two cycles, starting from the pre-cycle to cycle I. the research involved 30 students and was conducted from February to April 2025. The instrument used was a cognitive test analyzed quantitatively to measure student learning outcomes. The results showed an increase in the average student score from 51.23 in the pre-cycle to 76.2 in cycle I. the percentage of learning mastery also significantly increased from 16% to 57%. The implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PjBl) model provided a concrete and comprehensible learning experience, enhancing student participation and motivation.

This research analyzes the domestic problems raised in the novel Hanum & Rangga: Faith & the City using the perspective of Freud's theory. This novel depicts various conflicts that married couples often face, especially regarding gender roles, Islamic values, and the dynamics of a pluralist society. The background of the story shows the clash between personal ambition and household obligations experienced by the main characters, Hanum and Rangga, in the context of modern life in New York. This research aims to identify the internal and external conflicts faced by the main characters and understand the self-defense mechanisms used to overcome these problems. The method used is text analysis with a psychoanalytic approach to explore the psychological dynamics of the characters, including aspects of the id, ego and superego, in dealing with domestic conflict. Research findings show that the problems faced reflect the realities of modern domestic relationships, with a focus on the challenges of maintaining a balance between personal, professional and spiritual life. This research makes an important contribution in understanding how literary works can be a medium for reflection on the complexity of family relationships, as well as highlighting the relevance of Islamic values ​​in building harmonious households in the midst of globalization.  

This research analyzes the domestic problems raised in the novel Hanum & Rangga: Faith & the City using the perspective of Freud's theory. This novel depicts various conflicts that married couples often face, especially regarding gender roles, Islamic values, and the dynamics of a pluralist society. The background of the story shows the clash between personal ambition and household obligations experienced by the main characters, Hanum and Rangga, in the context of modern life in New York. This research aims to identify the internal and external conflicts faced by the main characters and understand the self-defense mechanisms used to overcome these problems. The method used is text analysis with a psychoanalytic approach to explore the psychological dynamics of the characters, including aspects of the id, ego and superego, in dealing with domestic conflict. Research findings show that the problems faced reflect the realities of modern domestic relationships, with a focus on the challenges of maintaining a balance between personal, professional and spiritual life. This research makes an important contribution in understanding how literary works can be a medium for reflection on the complexity of family relationships, as well as highlighting the relevance of Islamic values ​​in building harmonious households in the midst of globalization.  

This study aims to analyze the plot and point of view in the short story Percayakah Kau Padaku, a work that features deep psychological exploration and strong emotional conflict. Using a structuralist approach, this research evaluates how the non-linear plot and the choice of first-person perspective influence the reader's understanding of the characters and the main themes, namely trust and betrayal. The complex plot, with shifts between the past and present, creates tension and adds depth to the protagonist's inner journey. On the other hand, the first-person perspective allows the reader to directly experience the psychological dilemmas faced by the character, enriching the understanding of the internal conflict. Through this analysis, it can be concluded that the plot and point of view serve as tools to deepen the characters, strengthen the themes of the story, and provide a more intense reading experience. This study also offers suggestions for further story development by enriching the supporting characters and clarifying the time transitions in the plot.

This study aims to analyze the plot and point of view in the short story Percayakah Kau Padaku, a work that features deep psychological exploration and strong emotional conflict. Using a structuralist approach, this research evaluates how the non-linear plot and the choice of first-person perspective influence the reader's understanding of the characters and the main themes, namely trust and betrayal. The complex plot, with shifts between the past and present, creates tension and adds depth to the protagonist's inner journey. On the other hand, the first-person perspective allows the reader to directly experience the psychological dilemmas faced by the character, enriching the understanding of the internal conflict. Through this analysis, it can be concluded that the plot and point of view serve as tools to deepen the characters, strengthen the themes of the story, and provide a more intense reading experience. This study also offers suggestions for further story development by enriching the supporting characters and clarifying the time transitions in the plot.

The purpose of this study is to look at the morphology of affixation on vocabulary in Almaira's noveltoon ‘Behind Aisha's Veil’, especially in the third chapter with the theme ‘Love?’. The method used is qualitative. The data were collected through literature research and descriptive analysis that experienced affixation. This study found that the novel uses affixation, a linguistic process that involves adding affixes to the base form to produce new meanings. The study found that the use of affixes in the novel not only improves character descriptions but also increases the emotional depth of the story. The analysis results show that morphology plays an important role in shaping the meaning and characters in the story. It also shows that morphology reflects the social and cultural dynamics that women face in modern society. It is hoped that this research will enhance our understanding of how morphology is used in modern literary works.

The purpose of this study is to look at the morphology of affixation on vocabulary in Almaira's noveltoon ‘Behind Aisha's Veil’, especially in the third chapter with the theme ‘Love?’. The method used is qualitative. The data were collected through literature research and descriptive analysis that experienced affixation. This study found that the novel uses affixation, a linguistic process that involves adding affixes to the base form to produce new meanings. The study found that the use of affixes in the novel not only improves character descriptions but also increases the emotional depth of the story. The analysis results show that morphology plays an important role in shaping the meaning and characters in the story. It also shows that morphology reflects the social and cultural dynamics that women face in modern society. It is hoped that this research will enhance our understanding of how morphology is used in modern literary works.

Education is a process in which educators and students work together to create benefits, skilled attitudes, and personalities. In the midst of the pandemic, the government is encouraging educational institutions to change students from face-to-face learning to virtual, or distance, learning. Virtual learning remains another option when teachers cannot be in class. This research aims to understand how the learning environment influences the desire to learn. This study uses a quantitative approach. A sample of 30 sharia economics study program students at UIN Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten received a questionnaire via Google form. Data were then collected using the SPSS Version 25 program. This research found that the online learning environment influenced students' desire to study sharia economics at UIN Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten. The findings show that some students experience difficulties in learning the lessons given by their teachers during online learning, which results in a decrease in their desire to learn. Therefore, to increase student motivation and learning outcomes, the quality of learning on campus must be improved.

Education is a process in which educators and students work together to create benefits, skilled attitudes, and personalities. In the midst of the pandemic, the government is encouraging educational institutions to change students from face-to-face learning to virtual, or distance, learning. Virtual learning remains another option when teachers cannot be in class. This research aims to understand how the learning environment influences the desire to learn. This study uses a quantitative approach. A sample of 30 sharia economics study program students at UIN Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten received a questionnaire via Google form. Data were then collected using the SPSS Version 25 program. This research found that the online learning environment influenced students' desire to study sharia economics at UIN Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten. The findings show that some students experience difficulties in learning the lessons given by their teachers during online learning, which results in a decrease in their desire to learn. Therefore, to increase student motivation and learning outcomes, the quality of learning on campus must be improved.

This study aims to describe the meaning of denotation, meaning of connotation, and myth in the traditions of Ngulihi Tudung in the Karo tribe. This study is a qualitative descriptive study by applying a semiotic approach developed by Roland Barthes to uncover aspects of sign communication in the marriage tradition of Karo Ngulih Tudung which later differed from the public view of marriage traditions that began to be distorted. The data obtained in this study is a sentence, dialogue or sign that can communicate the message to be delivered to the marriage tradition of Ngulihi Tudung tribe Karo. The data analysis technique is to carefully identify signs and symbols in the Tudung Tradition, divide them into markers and markers, analyze the relationship of signs to form more complex meanings, analyse the meaning of denotations, analyse meaning of connotations based on cultural historical context to mythology as ideology based on the study of Roland Barthes' Semiotics, and write the conclusions of the research. The results of the study show that the meaning of the denotation in the marriage tradition of Ngulihi Tudung seeks to show the most tangible meaning in the sign. In other words, the Denotation of Roland Barthers in the sentence found in the Marriage tradition is what is described by the sign against an object. Connotation is expressive, involving more subjective and objective experience. In the marriage tradition Ngulihi Tudung invites the public to criticize as sharply as myths can see certain values or norms that work in society.

This study aims to describe the meaning of denotation, meaning of connotation, and myth in the traditions of Ngulihi Tudung in the Karo tribe. This study is a qualitative descriptive study by applying a semiotic approach developed by Roland Barthes to uncover aspects of sign communication in the marriage tradition of Karo Ngulih Tudung which later differed from the public view of marriage traditions that began to be distorted. The data obtained in this study is a sentence, dialogue or sign that can communicate the message to be delivered to the marriage tradition of Ngulihi Tudung tribe Karo. The data analysis technique is to carefully identify signs and symbols in the Tudung Tradition, divide them into markers and markers, analyze the relationship of signs to form more complex meanings, analyse the meaning of denotations, analyse meaning of connotations based on cultural historical context to mythology as ideology based on the study of Roland Barthes' Semiotics, and write the conclusions of the research. The results of the study show that the meaning of the denotation in the marriage tradition of Ngulihi Tudung seeks to show the most tangible meaning in the sign. In other words, the Denotation of Roland Barthers in the sentence found in the Marriage tradition is what is described by the sign against an object. Connotation is expressive, involving more subjective and objective experience. In the marriage tradition Ngulihi Tudung invites the public to criticize as sharply as myths can see certain values or norms that work in society.

A literary work is a written or oral work that is conveyed using language as the main medium, which is a person's expression created based on thoughts, experiences, opinions and feelings. Poetry is a form of literary art that combines the beauty of language, emotion and imagination to express feelings and ideas in depth. Poetry contains the author's emotions and experiences that remain imprinted in memory. Poetry has hidden meanings wrapped in rhyming language so it is more interesting to read. The author is interested in analyzing the poem "Senja di Pelabuhan Kecil" by Chairil Anwar, because the poem is formed with a straightforward language but has a broad meaning and contains many moral messages in the poem. The aim of this research is to find out the moral message in Chairil Anwar's poetry and to improve the author's understanding of the pragmatic approach. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive method that analyzes and explains the moral message of the poem "Senja di Pelabuhan Kecil" by Chairil Anwar using observation studies. The pragmatic approach is an approach to literary criticism that wants to show readers' impressions and acceptance of literary works. Based on the results of the analysis of the poem "Sunja di Pelabuhan Kecil" it can be concluded that this poem contains a moral message about sincerity in accepting a loss and not dwelling on sadness.    

A literary work is a written or oral work that is conveyed using language as the main medium, which is a person's expression created based on thoughts, experiences, opinions and feelings. Poetry is a form of literary art that combines the beauty of language, emotion and imagination to express feelings and ideas in depth. Poetry contains the author's emotions and experiences that remain imprinted in memory. Poetry has hidden meanings wrapped in rhyming language so it is more interesting to read. The author is interested in analyzing the poem "Senja di Pelabuhan Kecil" by Chairil Anwar, because the poem is formed with a straightforward language but has a broad meaning and contains many moral messages in the poem. The aim of this research is to find out the moral message in Chairil Anwar's poetry and to improve the author's understanding of the pragmatic approach. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive method that analyzes and explains the moral message of the poem "Senja di Pelabuhan Kecil" by Chairil Anwar using observation studies. The pragmatic approach is an approach to literary criticism that wants to show readers' impressions and acceptance of literary works. Based on the results of the analysis of the poem "Sunja di Pelabuhan Kecil" it can be concluded that this poem contains a moral message about sincerity in accepting a loss and not dwelling on sadness.