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This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

This study analyzes the short story Cinta Semata Wayang by Nuryana Asmaudi SA using a literary psychology approach grounded in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. The research applies a literature study with a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through close reading to identify structural elements and the psychological dynamics of the characters. The findings reveal marital conflict symbolized through wayang figures, particularly Rama and Sinta. Structurally, the story presents a progressive plot, symbolic and metaphorical language, and central themes of love and responsibility. The psychological analysis highlights the interaction of the id, ego, and superego within the main characters: Rama experiences tension between personal desires and moral norms, while Sinta demonstrates superego dominance through loyalty and emotional endurance. The short story emphasizes that true love is not solely based on emotion but also requires responsibility, commitment, and moral awareness as the foundation of a harmonious and sustainable relationship. This research contributes to literary psychology studies and deepens understanding of moral values in literature.

This study analyzes the short story Cinta Semata Wayang by Nuryana Asmaudi SA using a literary psychology approach grounded in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. The research applies a literature study with a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through close reading to identify structural elements and the psychological dynamics of the characters. The findings reveal marital conflict symbolized through wayang figures, particularly Rama and Sinta. Structurally, the story presents a progressive plot, symbolic and metaphorical language, and central themes of love and responsibility. The psychological analysis highlights the interaction of the id, ego, and superego within the main characters: Rama experiences tension between personal desires and moral norms, while Sinta demonstrates superego dominance through loyalty and emotional endurance. The short story emphasizes that true love is not solely based on emotion but also requires responsibility, commitment, and moral awareness as the foundation of a harmonious and sustainable relationship. This research contributes to literary psychology studies and deepens understanding of moral values in literature.

This study analyzes the role of families and caregivers at Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Wana Seraya Denpasar in implementing elderly care programs and examines the implications of these programs for the quality of life of older adults. Using a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach, data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Two theoretical frameworks guided the analysis: Carrolyn Smith-Morris’ Social Support Theory, which highlights the importance of emotional, informational, and instrumental support for elderly well-being, and Robert J. Havighurst’s Activity Theory, which states that active involvement in social, physical, and spiritual activities enhances happiness and life satisfaction in old age. The findings show that families’ involvement remains limited due to time and distance constraints, yet their emotional presence still contributes positively to the psychological comfort of the elderly. Caregivers play a dominant role in meeting the physical, social, emotional, and spiritual needs of residents. The care program demonstrates positive implications, including improved health stability, increased social interaction, strengthened feelings of appreciation, and enhanced spiritual peace. Additionally, Balinese cultural values such as tatwam asi and menyama braya reinforce empathy, togetherness, and respectful relationships within the care system. The study concludes that synergy between families, caregivers, and local cultural values forms a crucial foundation for a meaningful and humane elderly care system.  

This study analyzes the role of families and caregivers at Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Wana Seraya Denpasar in implementing elderly care programs and examines the implications of these programs for the quality of life of older adults. Using a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach, data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Two theoretical frameworks guided the analysis: Carrolyn Smith-Morris’ Social Support Theory, which highlights the importance of emotional, informational, and instrumental support for elderly well-being, and Robert J. Havighurst’s Activity Theory, which states that active involvement in social, physical, and spiritual activities enhances happiness and life satisfaction in old age. The findings show that families’ involvement remains limited due to time and distance constraints, yet their emotional presence still contributes positively to the psychological comfort of the elderly. Caregivers play a dominant role in meeting the physical, social, emotional, and spiritual needs of residents. The care program demonstrates positive implications, including improved health stability, increased social interaction, strengthened feelings of appreciation, and enhanced spiritual peace. Additionally, Balinese cultural values such as tatwam asi and menyama braya reinforce empathy, togetherness, and respectful relationships within the care system. The study concludes that synergy between families, caregivers, and local cultural values forms a crucial foundation for a meaningful and humane elderly care system.  

The comprehensive field of Islamic education encompasses not only all levels of schooling but also includes religion, ethics, history, law, and the Quran and Hadith. As part of Islamic religious education (PAI), students are taught to live in harmony with Allah, themselves, other humans, all living things, and the natural world, embodying the concept of Hablun Minallah wa Hablun Minannas. The main objective is to shape students' belief, understanding, and practice of Islamic teachings through planned learning activities, training, and guidance. Islamic religious education is an endeavor by educators to shape students' beliefs and practices via structured instruction, training, and guidance. This study explores the features of Islamic education resources across various educational levels, examining the types of instruction designed to identify these materials and evaluate their pros and cons. The study discovered that Islamic Religious Education (PAI) materials from different grade levels and educational types exhibit distinct characteristics. These differences include variations in content, weight, depth, as well as psychological, philosophical, sociological, and technological aspects. Understanding the characteristics of PAI materials at various educational levels is crucial for developing more effective, relevant curricula and teaching methods tailored to students' developmental needs. The findings of this study are also intended to serve as a reference for educators when developing PAI learning materials suitable for students' educational and developmental levels.

The comprehensive field of Islamic education encompasses not only all levels of schooling but also includes religion, ethics, history, law, and the Quran and Hadith. As part of Islamic religious education (PAI), students are taught to live in harmony with Allah, themselves, other humans, all living things, and the natural world, embodying the concept of Hablun Minallah wa Hablun Minannas. The main objective is to shape students' belief, understanding, and practice of Islamic teachings through planned learning activities, training, and guidance. Islamic religious education is an endeavor by educators to shape students' beliefs and practices via structured instruction, training, and guidance. This study explores the features of Islamic education resources across various educational levels, examining the types of instruction designed to identify these materials and evaluate their pros and cons. The study discovered that Islamic Religious Education (PAI) materials from different grade levels and educational types exhibit distinct characteristics. These differences include variations in content, weight, depth, as well as psychological, philosophical, sociological, and technological aspects. Understanding the characteristics of PAI materials at various educational levels is crucial for developing more effective, relevant curricula and teaching methods tailored to students' developmental needs. The findings of this study are also intended to serve as a reference for educators when developing PAI learning materials suitable for students' educational and developmental levels.

This article analyzes the representation of inner conflict and the search for self-identity in the character Haia in the novel Laut Tengah by Berliana Kimberly, using Sigmund Freud's literary psychology approach. This approach highlights the dynamics of the interaction between the id, ego, and superego in shaping Haia's personality and behavior. Through this analysis, it is found that Haia experiences deep inner conflict due to the tension between personal drives and social demands. The ego defense mechanisms used by Haia, such as rationalization and sublimation, play an important role in maintaining her psychological balance. In addition, the social and cultural environment also influences the formation of Haia's self-identity, creating a dilemma between fulfilling external expectations and pursuing personal happiness. Haia's identity transformation process reflects the search for meaning and self-acceptance that are essential in achieving psychological balance. The implications of this analysis suggest that literature can function as a mirror of life, reflecting the psychological dynamics experienced by individuals in society. 

This article analyzes the representation of inner conflict and the search for self-identity in the character Haia in the novel Laut Tengah by Berliana Kimberly, using Sigmund Freud's literary psychology approach. This approach highlights the dynamics of the interaction between the id, ego, and superego in shaping Haia's personality and behavior. Through this analysis, it is found that Haia experiences deep inner conflict due to the tension between personal drives and social demands. The ego defense mechanisms used by Haia, such as rationalization and sublimation, play an important role in maintaining her psychological balance. In addition, the social and cultural environment also influences the formation of Haia's self-identity, creating a dilemma between fulfilling external expectations and pursuing personal happiness. Haia's identity transformation process reflects the search for meaning and self-acceptance that are essential in achieving psychological balance. The implications of this analysis suggest that literature can function as a mirror of life, reflecting the psychological dynamics experienced by individuals in society. 

This study analyzes the representation of psychological trauma and collective memory in the novel Laut Bercerita by Leila S. Chudori through the psychoanalytic approach of Sigmund Freud and Maurice Halbwachs’ theory of collective memory. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with content analysis techniques applied to the text. The findings reveal that the trauma experienced by the main character, Biru Laut, reflects internal conflicts among the id, ego, and superego, as well as the emergence of various defense mechanisms such as repression, sublimation, and acting out. Trauma is portrayed not only as an individual experience but also as a collective wound affecting families and communities, which manifests in symbolic actions like the Kamisan protest. The novel serves as a cathartic space and cultural archive that voices historical wounds while advocating for justice and social recovery. Thus, Laut Bercerita functions not only as a literary work but also as a reflective medium for understanding and preserving the nation's collective trauma.

This study analyzes the representation of psychological trauma and collective memory in the novel Laut Bercerita by Leila S. Chudori through the psychoanalytic approach of Sigmund Freud and Maurice Halbwachs’ theory of collective memory. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with content analysis techniques applied to the text. The findings reveal that the trauma experienced by the main character, Biru Laut, reflects internal conflicts among the id, ego, and superego, as well as the emergence of various defense mechanisms such as repression, sublimation, and acting out. Trauma is portrayed not only as an individual experience but also as a collective wound affecting families and communities, which manifests in symbolic actions like the Kamisan protest. The novel serves as a cathartic space and cultural archive that voices historical wounds while advocating for justice and social recovery. Thus, Laut Bercerita functions not only as a literary work but also as a reflective medium for understanding and preserving the nation's collective trauma.

The phenomenon of social pressure experienced by individuals often triggers complex inner conflicts and affects their psychological stability. This study aims to describe the form of inner conflict of the character Alena in facing social pressure in the novel Lilin by Saniyyah Putri S.S. The data collection technique used was a literature study by reading, recording, and identifying data from the novel. The data analysis technique used was a qualitative descriptive analysis with Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic approach, which includes the id, ego, and superego. The results of the analysis show that the character Alena experiences an inner conflict that is predominantly influenced by social pressure from the family and community environment, which is reflected through the tug-of-war between subconscious drives and the moral values she believes in. The conclusion of this study is that the inner conflict experienced by Alena is raised in the continuity between the id, ego, and superego, which strengthens the relevance of Freud's psychoanalytic theory in understanding the dynamics of the psyche of fictional characters

The phenomenon of social pressure experienced by individuals often triggers complex inner conflicts and affects their psychological stability. This study aims to describe the form of inner conflict of the character Alena in facing social pressure in the novel Lilin by Saniyyah Putri S.S. The data collection technique used was a literature study by reading, recording, and identifying data from the novel. The data analysis technique used was a qualitative descriptive analysis with Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic approach, which includes the id, ego, and superego. The results of the analysis show that the character Alena experiences an inner conflict that is predominantly influenced by social pressure from the family and community environment, which is reflected through the tug-of-war between subconscious drives and the moral values she believes in. The conclusion of this study is that the inner conflict experienced by Alena is raised in the continuity between the id, ego, and superego, which strengthens the relevance of Freud's psychoanalytic theory in understanding the dynamics of the psyche of fictional characters

the importance of children's literature in supporting the development of literacy, character, and imagination in the digital era. Children's literature has unique characteristics and must be adapted to the world and stage of psychological development of children. As prospective elementary school educators, understanding the theory and genre of children's literature is important in selecting and delivering appropriate reading materials. This study examines the theory of children's literature according to experts, the classification and characteristics of various genres of children's literature such as fairy tales, fables, myths and legends, children's poetry, picture stories, children's novels, fantasy, and realistic fiction. Each genre is discussed by prioritizing the educational and moral functions contained, and is equipped with examples of relevant children's literature. With this approach, this paper aims to provide prospective teachers with a comprehensive understanding of the use of children's literature in an interesting and meaningful learning process.    

the importance of children's literature in supporting the development of literacy, character, and imagination in the digital era. Children's literature has unique characteristics and must be adapted to the world and stage of psychological development of children. As prospective elementary school educators, understanding the theory and genre of children's literature is important in selecting and delivering appropriate reading materials. This study examines the theory of children's literature according to experts, the classification and characteristics of various genres of children's literature such as fairy tales, fables, myths and legends, children's poetry, picture stories, children's novels, fantasy, and realistic fiction. Each genre is discussed by prioritizing the educational and moral functions contained, and is equipped with examples of relevant children's literature. With this approach, this paper aims to provide prospective teachers with a comprehensive understanding of the use of children's literature in an interesting and meaningful learning process.    

This research examines the use of *amtsal* (parables/analogies) in the Quran from an Arabic sociolinguistic perspective. The main focus of the research is to analyze the forms of amtsal, their sociolinguistic functions, and the influence of socio-cultural context in the selection of Quranic amtsal. The research method uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis through literature study of primary and secondary sources. The research results show that amtsal in the Quran has three main forms: *musharrahah* (explicit), *kaminah* (implicit), and *mursalah* (free). The sociolinguistic functions of amtsal include educational functions in facilitating understanding of abstract concepts, persuasive functions in influencing attitudes and behavior, and communicative functions in bridging divine messages with socio-cultural contexts. The selection of amtsal is heavily influenced by the socio-cultural context of Arab society, including traditions, social conditions, and psychological aspects. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the Quran's communication methods and can serve as a reference in developing contemporary learning and da'wah methods.  

This research examines the use of *amtsal* (parables/analogies) in the Quran from an Arabic sociolinguistic perspective. The main focus of the research is to analyze the forms of amtsal, their sociolinguistic functions, and the influence of socio-cultural context in the selection of Quranic amtsal. The research method uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis through literature study of primary and secondary sources. The research results show that amtsal in the Quran has three main forms: *musharrahah* (explicit), *kaminah* (implicit), and *mursalah* (free). The sociolinguistic functions of amtsal include educational functions in facilitating understanding of abstract concepts, persuasive functions in influencing attitudes and behavior, and communicative functions in bridging divine messages with socio-cultural contexts. The selection of amtsal is heavily influenced by the socio-cultural context of Arab society, including traditions, social conditions, and psychological aspects. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the Quran's communication methods and can serve as a reference in developing contemporary learning and da'wah methods.  

This research analyzes the domestic problems raised in the novel Hanum & Rangga: Faith & the City using the perspective of Freud's theory. This novel depicts various conflicts that married couples often face, especially regarding gender roles, Islamic values, and the dynamics of a pluralist society. The background of the story shows the clash between personal ambition and household obligations experienced by the main characters, Hanum and Rangga, in the context of modern life in New York. This research aims to identify the internal and external conflicts faced by the main characters and understand the self-defense mechanisms used to overcome these problems. The method used is text analysis with a psychoanalytic approach to explore the psychological dynamics of the characters, including aspects of the id, ego and superego, in dealing with domestic conflict. Research findings show that the problems faced reflect the realities of modern domestic relationships, with a focus on the challenges of maintaining a balance between personal, professional and spiritual life. This research makes an important contribution in understanding how literary works can be a medium for reflection on the complexity of family relationships, as well as highlighting the relevance of Islamic values ​​in building harmonious households in the midst of globalization.  

This research analyzes the domestic problems raised in the novel Hanum & Rangga: Faith & the City using the perspective of Freud's theory. This novel depicts various conflicts that married couples often face, especially regarding gender roles, Islamic values, and the dynamics of a pluralist society. The background of the story shows the clash between personal ambition and household obligations experienced by the main characters, Hanum and Rangga, in the context of modern life in New York. This research aims to identify the internal and external conflicts faced by the main characters and understand the self-defense mechanisms used to overcome these problems. The method used is text analysis with a psychoanalytic approach to explore the psychological dynamics of the characters, including aspects of the id, ego and superego, in dealing with domestic conflict. Research findings show that the problems faced reflect the realities of modern domestic relationships, with a focus on the challenges of maintaining a balance between personal, professional and spiritual life. This research makes an important contribution in understanding how literary works can be a medium for reflection on the complexity of family relationships, as well as highlighting the relevance of Islamic values ​​in building harmonious households in the midst of globalization.