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This study is motivated by the issue of criminalizing drug couriers, who in judicial practice are often equated with the main perpetrators, even though in reality they occupy a subordinate position in the drug distribution network. The lack of clarity in the differentiation of roles in Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics has led to the application of criminal liability that tends to be formalistic and has the potential to disregard substantive justice. This study aims to analyze the form of criminal liability of Class I drug couriers and assess whether the Pekanbaru District Court Decision Number 119/Pid.Sus/2025/PN Pbr has reflected justice in the imposition of criminal penalties. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The results of the study show that the criminal liability imposed on couriers in the verdict is direct as the main perpetrator, without considering the theory of the perpetrator's role, degree of fault, and the defendant's capacity to be held responsible. The judge emphasized the fulfillment of the elements of the act as formulated in Article 114 of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, without adequate analysis of the mens rea and the factual contribution of the courier in the structure of the crime. Justice in this study is understood as substantive justice, which requires consistency between the punishment, role, and degree of fault of the perpetrator. Proportional punishment is interpreted as the imposition of sanctions that clearly distinguish between couriers as subordinate actors and the main actors who control the narcotics network. This study concludes that the criminal liability of narcotics couriers must be based on individualization of punishment and proportionality so that law enforcement not only fulfills legal certainty but also reflects substantive justice.  

The issue of criminalizing victims of sexual violence through the use of defamation charges is gaining public attention because it is often used to silence victims who try to share their experiences. This article describes how defamation provisions in the Criminal Code and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law are often used as instruments of Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP) directed at victims, making victims even more vulnerable. The study uses a normative approach to assess the effectiveness of legal protection in the Sexual Violence Criminal Law (TPKS Law). The results of the analysis show that the TPKS Law does not explicitly include an anti-SLAPP mechanism, leaving open the possibility for the reported party to file a counter-report against the victim. Studies of the SPI, KPI, and Baiq Nuril cases show a recurring pattern, namely the use of defamation articles as a means of silencing victims and slowing down the process of exposing sexual violence. This article proposes an anti-SLAPP clause based on a progressive interpretation of the anti-revictimization principle in the TPKS Law. This proposal is reinforced by the push for the application of an early dismissal mechanism for reports that show strong indications of intimidation, so that victims receive maximum protection in the legal process.

This research analyzes the authority of local governments in ensuring aviation safety and security through the regulation of the Airport Operation Safety Zone (Kawasan Keselamatan Operasi Penerbangan/KKOP) and spatial control around airports in Indonesia. The study employs a normative juridical method by examining statutory regulations, international standards from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), as well as relevant cases in Ahmad Yani Airport Semarang, Mutiara Sis Al Jufri Airport Palu, and Supadio Airport Pontianak. The results show that the authority of local governments is strategic but not absolute; it must be harmonized with national policies and international standards. In practice, the implementation is hampered by normative and practical challenges. Normative barriers include fragmented regulations, weak regional legal instruments, and the lack of incorporation of ICAO standards into local regulations. Implementation barriers involve limited technical capacity, insufficient resources, weak supervision, and socio-economic resistance related to land use around airports. These conditions result in ineffective spatial control, which directly affects aviation safety and airport development. The study suggests strengthening local regulations through specific bylaws on KKOP that align with national and international standards, improving the technical capacity of local apparatus, integrating obstacle registry systems, and establishing compensation or relocation mechanisms for affected communities. Cross-sectoral coordination between central government, local government, airport authorities, and stakeholders is also essential to ensure consistent policy implementation. This research contributes to the development of aviation law, regional autonomy, and the improvement of public safety in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the interpretation of hadiths concerning women’s roles in the public sphere through a hermeneutical approach, reaffirming an inclusive and contextual Islamic perspective on gender. The research arises from the dominance of literal and patriarchal readings of hadiths that tend to limit women’s participation in social and educational domains. Employing a qualitative library research method, this study examines relevant hadith texts and explores the views of contemporary Muslim hermeneutical thinkers such as Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, Fazlur Rahman, and Amina Wadud. The findings reveal that hermeneutics provides a methodological framework capable of fostering gender-just interpretations by emphasizing the historical, social, and moral dimensions of the hadith text. The reinterpretation demonstrates that many hadiths previously understood restrictively are, in fact, contextual rather than universally normative. The study’s implications encourage a new paradigm in Islamic scholarship that is more reflective, critical, and socially responsive. The novelty of this research lies in integrating hermeneutical analysis with thematic hadith studies on women’s participation in the public domain, an area rarely explored in depth. This research thus contributes significantly to developing a more humanistic and egalitarian Islamic epistemology.

This article discusses the integration of social sciences and humanities in Islamic studies as an epistemological reconstruction effort to restore the unity between revelation, reason, and social reality. The research approach used is qualitative with a library research design through critical analysis of academic literature from various sources, including journals indexed by Scopus and Google Scholar. The results of the study indicate that the integration of social sciences and humanities broadens the orientation of Islamic studies from a normative-theological perspective to a more contextual and transformative multidisciplinary analysis. The social sciences serve as analytical instruments for socio-religious phenomena, while the humanities provide a reflective, ethical, and philosophical foundation that enriches understanding of Islamic teachings. The implementation of this paradigm is evident in the concept of "integration-interconnection" at UIN Indonesia and "Islamic revealed knowledge" at IIUM Malaysia, which have successfully developed an ethical and rational scientific tradition without abandoning the values ​​of monotheism. Despite facing epistemological and cultural challenges, scientific integration remains a crucial foundation for the development of an inclusive, humanistic, and humane civilization.  

This study examines the strengthening of the ultimum remedium principle in handling corporate crimes as part of a more proportional, efficient, and equitable criminal justice system reform. The ultimum remedium principle views criminal law as a last resort, used after other legal mechanisms, such as administrative resolution, mediation, or administrative sanctions, are deemed inadequate. The application of this principle becomes increasingly important in the corporate context to prevent the negative impact of repressive punishment on business entities that play a strategic role in the national economy. The significant impact of corporations on society and the economy necessitates a more careful and prudent approach to handling corporate crimes. This study uses a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches. In analyzing the application of the ultimum remedium principle, this study identifies that although this principle has been incorporated into several laws and regulations, its implementation remains weak. Factors contributing to this include limited understanding of the principle among law enforcement officials, suboptimal technical guidelines regarding the application of the ultimum remedium principle, and public pressure that tends to encourage a repressive approach in handling corporate crimes. Therefore, this study recommends strengthening regulations, increasing the capacity of law enforcement officials, and developing integrated guidelines to ensure the consistent and effective application of the ultimum remedium principle in handling corporate crimes. The application of this principle is also in line with the restorative justice approach, which aims to provide more humane and corrective punishment and create sustainable change for corporations and society.  

This study compares the recovery systems for victims of psychosocial violence and traffic accidents from the perspective of Unlawful Acts (PMH) in Indonesia and Malaysia. Using library research, this study analyzes the legal framework, institutions, and social and psychological approaches used by both countries to support the victim recovery process. In Indonesia, the victim recovery system is still oriented towards material compensation and administrative settlements, with limited recognition of immaterial losses such as trauma and psychological disorders. In contrast, Malaysia has developed a victim-centered justice approach that positions victims as the subject of recovery, through regulations such as the Domestic Violence Act 1994 (Amendment 2017), the Road Transport Act 1987, and compensation mechanisms through the Motor Insurers’ Bureau of Malaysia (MIB) and the Victim Compensation Fund. This approach comprehensively integrates legal, social, and psychological recovery, including free counseling services through the One Stop Crisis Center (OSCC) and Talian Kasih 15999. The study's findings indicate that Malaysia has moved toward a holistic human recovery paradigm, while Indonesia still needs to strengthen its victim recovery system by addressing the psychological and social dimensions to align with the principles of restorative justice.

The use of AI is seen as aiding the learning process, and students have used AI for various purposes in their coursework. This article aims to investigate the impact of AI use on their innovation and creativity, as well as the possibility of AI replacing lecturers. A qualitative study was conducted with 53 student respondents. Questions were asked about the definition of AI, the applications of AI they use, whether AI can enhance creativity and innovation, and whether AI will one day replace lecturers. The findings indicate that AI is artificial intelligence that serves as an aid in the student learning process. The majority of students use ChatGPT, and 37 students stated that AI can enhance their innovation and creativity by providing inspiration and initial ideas. AI is also a tool that accelerates the learning process and facilitates creative work, as well as AI as a means of developing skills such as critical reasoning and data analysis. However, the majority also stated that dependence on AI can actually reduce critical thinking and creativity. Regarding the role of lecturers, 41 students stated that AI cannot replace them. The implication of these findings is that AI can be used wisely while still being aware of its limitations and ethical use. The role of lecturers must be further enhanced to ensure that student learning processes address AI's limitations and allow students to further enhance their innovation and creativity, while simultaneously mitigating the associated risks.

Indonesia is a diverse nation with a wide range of religions, ethnicities, cultures, languages, and traditions spread across its vast territory from Sabang to Merauke. This diversity, on the one hand, serves as a strength of the nation, yet on the other hand, it also carries the potential for conflict if not managed properly through the practice of tolerance. Students, as agents of change, hold a strategic role in maintaining harmony and peace, both within campus environments and in society at large. This study aims to analyze the implementation of tolerance values among university students in order to achieve peace in a plural society. The research employs a library research method with a descriptive qualitative approach, analyzing relevant literature on tolerance, students, and social peace. The findings reveal that students’ tolerance can be manifested in academic settings, organizational activities, social interactions, and religious practices. However, its implementation faces challenges such as intolerance, radicalism, identity politics, and the misuse of social media. Strengthening tolerance values can be carried out through multicultural education, character building, and student engagement in cross-cultural and interfaith organizations. Thus, students are not only academic individuals but also moral, social, and intellectual role models who can serve as key drivers in fostering peace and harmony within Indonesia’s diverse society.

This study examines the application of the hermeneutical approach in Islamic studies from the perspective of contextual Islamic Religious Education (IRE). The problem underlying this research is the dominance of textual and normative learning patterns in Islamic education that are often disconnected from contemporary social and cultural realities. The study aims to describe the hermeneutic concepts of Fazlur Rahman’s “double movement” and Hans-Georg Gadamer’s “fusion of horizons” and to analyze their relevance in developing contextual IRE. This research employs a qualitative library research method by analyzing recent scientific literature (2021–2025) from national and international journals. The findings reveal that hermeneutics provides a methodological and philosophical foundation for transforming IRE from rote-based learning into reflective, dialogical, and contextual learning. This study concludes that hermeneutics can be used as a conceptual and practical framework to strengthen the relevance of Islamic education in addressing modern challenges. However, the study’s limitation lies in its theoretical nature, so further empirical research is recommended to test the effectiveness of hermeneutic-based pedagogical models in classroom settings.

This research addresses the issue of corporate criminal liability in crimes occurring within Indonesia’s oil and gas sector. In modern criminal law, corporations are increasingly recognized as legal entities capable of bearing criminal responsibility, particularly in cases related to economic offenses, environmental violations, and corruption. The oil and gas sector, being one of the most strategic and high-value industries, is highly susceptible to legal violations by corporate entities. Given the significant role this sector plays in the national economy, the accountability of corporations in this field is of utmost importance to ensure proper legal oversight and prevent harmful practices. The research employs a normative juridical approach, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and case study methods to examine how corporate criminal liability is applied in the oil and gas industry in Indonesia. The findings reveal that the regulation of corporate criminal liability in the oil and gas sector remains underdeveloped, as it is not explicitly addressed in the Oil and Gas Law. This lack of clear and specific regulation creates gaps in law enforcement, leaving corporations with opportunities to evade full accountability for crimes they commit. While existing legal frameworks such as the Anti-Corruption Law, Environmental Law, and PERMA No. 13/2016 provide a foundation for criminalizing corporations in cases of wrongdoing, the practical implementation of these regulations within the oil and gas sector has proven to be insufficient. Several factors contribute to the weak enforcement of corporate criminal liability. First, there are technical challenges in proving corporate involvement in criminal acts, as the actions of a corporation are often difficult to attribute to specific individuals. Second, the capacity of law enforcement agencies to effectively investigate and prosecute corporate crimes is limited, compounded by a lack of expertise and resources.

This research explores corporate criminal liability in the context of crimes committed within Indonesia's oil and gas sector. In the framework of modern criminal law, corporations are increasingly recognized as legal subjects that can bear criminal responsibility, particularly in cases related to economic crimes, environmental violations, and corruption. Given the oil and gas sector’s strategic significance and high economic value, it is especially vulnerable to legal violations committed by corporate entities. The research adopts a normative juridical method, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches to analyze the current state of legal accountability mechanisms. The findings indicate that corporate criminal liability in the oil and gas sector is not explicitly regulated under Indonesia’s Oil and Gas Law, resulting in significant legal gaps that hinder effective enforcement. Although several laws—such as the Anti-Corruption Law, the Environmental Protection and Management Law, and Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) No. 13 of 2016—provide a basis for prosecuting corporations, their specific application within the oil and gas sector remains limited. This limited application is attributed to several challenges, including technical difficulties in proving corporate guilt, limited investigative capacity and resources among law enforcement authorities, and the disproportionate influence and economic dominance of oil and gas corporations in regulatory and judicial processes. To address these challenges, the research emphasizes the urgent need for reformulating the legal framework governing corporate liability in the oil and gas industry. This includes incorporating explicit corporate criminal liability provisions into sector-specific laws, strengthening institutional enforcement capacity, and applying legal doctrines such as corporate culture theory and strict liability. These efforts aim to ensure that corporations in the oil and gas sector can be held accountable for criminal actions, promote legal certainty, and uphold environmental and economic justice in Indonesia.

This study examines The Legal Position of the Peace Deed as a Means of Dispute Resolution for Parties Outside the Court, focusing on the notary’s authority and the legal strength of the peace deed compared to court decisions. Using a normative juridical method, this research emphasizes an analysis of positive legal provisions such as the Indonesian Civil Code, the Notary Law, and the Law on Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution. The findings indicate that notaries possess legal authority to draft peace deeds as authentic instruments ensuring legal certainty and justice for disputing parties. A peace deed made before a notary holds the same legal force as a court decision with permanent legal effect (inkracht van gewijsde) and may serve as an executorial title when issued in the form of a grosse acte. Thus, the notarial peace deed functions as an effective, efficient, and equitable legal instrument for resolving disputes, reinforcing the principles of simplicity, speed, and low cost within the national legal system.

The renewal of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) through the Draft Law (RUU) KUHAP opens up space for in-depth philosophical reflection on the relationship between law, justice, and humanity. This article examines the challenges of harmonizing the principle of due process of law, which emphasizes respect for individual rights in every legal process, with the criminal justice system, which is oriented towards efficiency and the purpose of punishment. This harmony is not only a technical and normative matter, but also a matter of shared understanding of what is meant by justice in the context of a more humane and human rights-based criminal justice system. Using a philosophical legal perspective, this article explores the potential for conflict and convergence between the two principles, and seeks common ground within the framework of Pancasila legal values ​​and Islamic law that prioritize humanity, substantive justice, and a balance between individual rights and the public interest. The renewal of the RUU KUHAP, in this context, is not merely a structural change, but a journey towards a legal system that guarantees the depth of justice, which is not only seen from a procedural perspective, but also from the moral and social essence of the law itself.

This paper aims to explain the importance of political literacy for Islamic boarding school students (santri) as a means to achieve Indonesia's golden age by 2045. This research focuses on qualitative methods with a literature study approach, focusing on primary data in the form of documentation, including books, journals, articles, and other literature related to political discussions and Islamic boarding school students. The results show that "santri" (literate people) or those seeking religious knowledge in Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) must possess broad insight and be tolerant of political apathy. Santri political awareness is essential for them to contribute to improving and strengthening Indonesia's political system with noble religious values. Santri involvement in politics also serves as a means to raise awareness as active citizens, strengthen nationalism, and make politics a form of service, not personal ambition. Politically literate students will be able to face various social and political challenges wisely and contribute to maintaining the nation's stability and progress. Therefore, a joint effort is needed to strengthen political education, both for santri and the general public, so that by 2045, Indonesia will have an intelligent, ethical generation ready to lead the nation towards a bright future.

This study evaluates the policy implementation of the face recognition system at Surabaya Gubeng Station as a digital innovation in public service by PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero). Using a qualitative approach and the policy evaluation model by William N. Dunn, the study assesses six key indicators: effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, responsiveness, accuracy, and equity. The findings indicate that the system is effective in accelerating the boarding process, reducing queues, and improving passenger convenience. Efficiency is achieved through reduced staff workload and automated identity verification. However, several challenges remain, including technical disruptions, data input errors, and low digital literacy among users. Personal data protection is also a concern as most users are not fully aware of how their biometric data is managed. Therefore an adaptive governance strategy is needed, involving infrastructure improvement, staff training, public education, and greater transparency in data policy. With these measures, the face recognition system can serve not only as a tool for technical efficiency but also as a form of inclusive and sustainable public service transformation.

Every country has legal regulations governing marriage in an effort to create a clear legal basis for its implementation. Regulations regarding marriage in Indonesia in general and as a whole are regulated by Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. Overall, Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage covers aspects relating to the requirements, procedures and rights inherent in couples who have legally entered into a marriage. Article 57 of the Marriage Law regulates mixed marriages, which are defined as marriages between two people who are subject to different laws in Indonesia because of their different nationalities. Divorce can occur in marriages, including mixed marriages. Divorce in a mixed marriage means a divorce that occurs between a husband and wife, one of whom is an Indonesian citizen (WNI) and the other is a foreign citizen (WNA). The laws and regulations governing mixed divorce are Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship. In this research, examples of mixed divorce cases between Indonesian citizens and foreign citizens will be taken by studying the Putusan PA DENPASAR Nomor 406/Pdt.G/2020/PA.Dps which was decided at the Denpasar Religious Court, Denpasar City, Bali Province.  

Agreement is a legal relationship between two or more parties based on an agreement to give rise to legal consequences of rights and obligations for both parties. Cancellation of the agreement can only be done if it is known that there was an oversight, fraud, or coercion from one of the parties when making the agreement. Oversight, fraud, or coercion are reasons that can cancel the agreement. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of the cancellation of the cooperation agreement according to the Civil Code (KUH Perdata) and the legal remedies that can be taken by the parties as a result of the cancellation of the cooperation agreement. This type of research is normative legal research using a statutory approach. The results of the study show that the legal consequence of canceling the cooperation agreement is returning to its original position as it was before the agreement occurred. Meanwhile, the legal remedy resulting from the cancellation of the cooperation agreement is actively asking for the cancellation of the agreement which does not fulfill its subjective requirements in court or passively waiting for the opposing party to submit an annulment in court.

The SIAP application (Presence Activation Information System) has been implemented at the Personnel and Human Resources Development Agency since 2022. Although good attendance has been the first step, it also requires optimal bureaucratic performance as an effort to achieve institutional goals. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the use of the SIAP Application (Presence Activation Information System) has an influence on employee performance at the Personnel and Human Resources Development Agency (BKPSDM). This study used quantitative methods and involved the entire population, namely 38 employees of the Civil Service and Human Resources Development Agency. Data collection was carried out through distributing questionnaires to all BKPSDM employees as respondents, documentation and observation. The results of the analysis using the T test show that the significant value (0.002) is smaller than the probability of 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted, which means "The use of the SIAP application has an influence on employee performance (Y)." Although the SIAP Application Usage Variable (X) and the Employee Performance Variable (Y) are related, respondents' responses show some shortcomings related to the use of the SIAP Application (Presence Activation Information System), such as unstable network access constraints. Nevertheless, good attendance still has a positive effect on improving employee performance. Employee Performance Evaluation shows deficiencies in the indicators of Quality, Quantity, Timeliness, and Independence.

In the era of digitalization like this, and in the realm of the process of finding the identity of a teenager, it is very easy for teenagers to be affected by many good and bad things by the surrounding environment. The problem that is often faced by teenagers is mental health where there are many causes and consequences that can trigger this to happen. Because of this problem, teenagers lack an understanding of self-love or love themselves. Self love has the meaning of a feeling where we feel confident and proud of our own abilities without attaching importance to the opinions of others by involving aspects of self-awareness, self-confidence, and caring for ourselves. Looking at the reality, this article uses qualitative methods and literature studies in answering these problems. In the interview that we have conducted to 7 existing resource persons and contain active high school teenagers based in the city of Surakarta. With the hope that the interview that has been done can help some and even all speakers about the importance of 'self love' for themselves. With the results we get in several existing aspects such as self awareness, self care, self esteem and in the 7th self worth aspect, the informant has a fairly good and high percentage. Even though in the aspect of self esteem at the same time it is still wrapped in a sense of insecurity.