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The development of Islamic political thought cannot be separated from the historical context and social dynamics surrounding it. One significant period that influenced the direction of this thought is the era of Western colonialism in the 19th to early 20th centuries. During this period, much of the Islamic world was under Western colonial rule, which had a profound impact on the social, political, and intellectual conditions of Muslims. Within the Muslim community itself, various internal issues related to religious understanding arose, causing difficulties in facing the dominance and hegemony of the West. Islamic political thought became one of the fields of study in political science, which is not only relevant today but also gained attention during the classical Islamic period. This study is highly significant, both in the development of knowledge and as a framework for political practice. Therefore, it is important to study Islamic political thought, as it provides deep insights into political dynamics and Islam’s contribution to shaping existing political systems, as well as offering perspectives that are useful in facing contemporary global challenges.

One form of crime that is highly relevant in the context of today's society is the crime of embezzlement in office. This embezzlement can be defined as a dishonest act committed by one or more individuals by hiding goods or property belonging to another person without the owner's knowledge. This action aims to transfer ownership of the goods, which can be categorized as theft, taking possession of goods, or using the goods for unauthorized personal gain. In many cases, embezzlement in office often involves individuals who have access or authority over company assets, making it easier for them to commit misuse. This study applies a normative juridical research method to analyze existing problems in the context of criminal law. This method allows researchers to explore and understand applicable legal norms and how they are applied in real cases. The results of the study show that the Judge's Ratio Decidendi in imposing sanctions on cases of embezzlement in office, as stated in Decision Number 542/Pid.B/2023/PN Cbi and Decision Number 355/Pid.B/2024/PN Cbi, is based on a number of in-depth legal considerations. In this case, the judge first explained the elements contained in Article 374 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) charged by the public prosecutor. The defendant was found guilty of committing embezzlement in office by embezzling company funds for personal gain. Therefore, the defendant was sentenced commensurate with his actions, which violated Article 374 of the Criminal Code. Criminal liability for the perpetrator of the crime of embezzlement in office has been legally and convincingly proven, with all elements of the charge having been fulfilled. This indicates that the perpetrator can be subject to sanctions in accordance with applicable legal provisions, thus providing a deterrent effect and upholding justice in the criminal law system. This research is expected to contribute to the development of understanding regarding embezzlement in office and its legal implications in Indonesia, as well as encourage more effective law enforcement in handling similar cases in the future.

The phenomenon of law enforcement in Indonesia today often causes controversy, polemics, resistance, protests or sharp criticism from various groups. The opinions of various parties who disagree with this legal process are often based on the assumption of harming the legal justice of the community who actually no longer agree with the formal legal process through the criminal justice system. One concept that is considered appropriate to overcome various legal problems as described above is to use the restorative justice principle approach. The purpose of this study is to determine the regulation of criminal law related to the settlement of criminal cases by the police and prosecutors by applying the principle of restorative justice based on progressive legal theory. The method used in this study is the normative juridical method. The results of this study provide an overview that: First, Legal regulations related to the settlement of criminal cases by police investigators and prosecutors using the principle of restorative justice are regulated in Articles 13 to 15 of the Chief of Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021 concerning Handling of Criminal Acts Based on Restorative Justice (PTPBKR) and Articles 4, 5 and 6 of the Republic of Indonesia Prosecutor's Office Regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice (PPBKR). Second, The procedures for resolving criminal cases using the restorative justice principle approach by the police are regulated in Articles 11 to 18 of the PTPBKR, while the procedures for resolving criminal cases using the restorative justice approach by the prosecutor's office are regulated in Articles 7 to 14 of the PPBKR

The uniqueness of the Sasak community in preparing for the departure of prospective pilgrims to carry out the Hajj can attract the attention of researchers. So this research attempts to look at the traditions that the community carries out when carrying out the Hajj as well as the implications of the Hajj for the Sasak community. This study uses qualitative research using descriptive qualitative analysis by first collecting data through observations regarding what is happening in society, then conducting interviews. Documentation and individual experience to add data about Hajj. The results of this research show that the traditions before going on the pilgrimage for the Sasak people are still preserved today, because this tradition has existed since ancient times, from the time of our ancestors until now, it has been preserved from generation to generation. like tradition. Begawe, the opening of the pilgrimage, selararan and yasinan. The existence of this tradition has implications for the Sasak community, namely that the community has a stronger sense of solidarity, the community can build its social welfare. And for Hajj pilgrims it will be easy for them to return home.