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The development of information and communication technology (ICT), particularly the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data, has transformed Indonesia's national security threat landscape. Threats that previously focused on traditional military aspects have now shifted to non-traditional cyber threats, such as cyberattacks, digital espionage, and infrastructure sabotage. According to PROXSIS IT GRC data, in 2024, more than 19 million cyberattacks were recorded against websites in Indonesia. While this figure is a decrease compared to the previous year, this trend is thought to reflect a shift towards more structured and organized tactics by threat actors. In response, the Indonesian government established the National Cybersecurity Action Plan 2024–2028 as a strategic guideline. Furthermore, cyber diplomacy is being promoted through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, for example through the signing of memorandums of understanding (MoUs) with the UK and Kaspersky. This cooperation includes the exchange of intelligence information, strengthening human resource capacity, raising public awareness regarding cybersecurity, and protecting critical information infrastructure. This study uses non-traditional security theory and defense diplomacy to analyze the strategies, challenges, and prospects of Indonesia's cyber policy. The analysis demonstrates that cyber defense diplomacy plays a crucial role as an instrument for integrating technology, regulation, and international collaboration in safeguarding digital sovereignty. In addition to strengthening threat detection and mitigation capabilities, this diplomacy also builds networks of trust with partner nations, which is essential amidst the increasing complexity of global threats. Therefore, in the era of digital globalization, full of interconnections, cyber defense diplomacy serves not only as a national protection tool but also as Indonesia's contribution to global cybersecurity stability. This effort prioritizes synergy between technological innovation, law enforcement, and sustainable international cooperation.

This study aims to identify the determinant factors in implementing innovation in the field of education in Makassar City, using qualitative research. Based on the source, the types of data used are primary and secondary. Data obtained through interviews with the education office and principals, while secondary data is data obtained from various literature such as books, laws and other related sources. The results of the study indicate that there are 3 main determinant factors in implementing innovation in the field of education, namely a). Leadership that plays an important role in implementing innovation wisely and encouraging the enthusiasm of teachers, students and stakeholders, with the commitment of visionary leaders playing a very important role in building a culture of innovation in the midst of educational transformation. Leadership can ensure that schools face future challenges and maximize technology to improve student learning outcomes. b) A conducive school culture is important for innovation and technological development in the world of education, school culture is interpreted as the quality of school life that continues to grow and develop based on a hard work ethic and certain values ​​​​held by the school. c) Resources as the fulfillment of the need for adequate resources are important so that innovation can be implemented effectively. Educational innovation strategies involve collaboration and involvement of stakeholders, such as teachers, students, parents, school administrators, and policy makers.