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Industrial development in Indonesia has significantly contributed to national economic growth; however, it also poses potential risks of environmental pollution when corporate waste management is not conducted properly. Environmental pollution resulting from corporate waste activities may cause harm to surrounding communities, including health problems, ecosystem degradation, as well as material and immaterial losses. In this context, the class action mechanism serves as a relevant legal instrument to collectively advocate for the rights of affected communities. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the class action mechanism in environmental pollution cases based on Decision Number 29/Pdt.G/2023/PN.Skh and to evaluate its effectiveness in providing legal protection and restoring the rights of affected communities. This research employs normative legal research using statute approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The findings indicate that the class action mechanism in the aforementioned decision fulfilled the requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation as regulated under Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) Number 1 of 2002. Procedurally, the class action proved effective in enhancing access to justice, ensuring judicial efficiency, and strengthening the protection of the constitutional right to a good and healthy environment. However, its substantive effectiveness remains dependent on the fulfillment of formal requirements, the quality of evidence presented, and the consistent application of environmental law principles by judges. Therefore, the class action mechanism constitutes an important instrument in environmental law enforcement, yet it requires consistent regulatory support and judicial practice to achieve optimal ecological justice.

This study aims to analyze the meaning of interfaith marriage in the film Komang using Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic theory. This theory emphasizes the relationship between signifier and signified as well as the concepts of langue and parole to explain the interaction between social systems and individual expression. The results of the analysis show that the visual, verbal, and symbolic signs in the film represent the clash between love and belief. Scenes such as the initial meeting at a cultural festival, family rejection, and symbolic marriage become a form of negotiation between social values and personal freedom. This film affirms that interfaith marriage in Indonesia can only be accepted through compromise with the religious norms of the majority, but still presents a message of tolerance through symbols of cultural harmony. Therefore, the film Komang is not just a romantic narrative, but a social reflection on the relationship between religion, culture, and love in a pluralistic society.

The informal trading of Mobile Legends: Bang Bang game accounts through social networking platforms has expanded rapidly alongside the acceleration of digital technology and the growing integration of online gaming into contemporary lifestyles, particularly among younger demographics. Game accounts characterized by high competitive rankings, exclusive virtual assets, and accumulated in-game achievements have increasingly been commodified and exchanged through social media channels such as Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, predominantly utilizing electronic payment instruments, including digital wallets. Despite its widespread practice, this form of transaction frequently generates legal complications, most notably in relation to consumer protection. Buyers are often exposed to substantial risks, including fraudulent representations, discrepancies between promised and actual account specifications, unauthorized resale, and the revocation of account access after payment completion. This study seeks to critically examine the legal framework governing the trading of Mobile Legends accounts and to assess the extent to which consumer protection mechanisms are afforded under Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. Employing a normative juridical research design, this study applies statutory and conceptual approaches supported by the analysis of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that consumer protection within online game account transactions remains structurally insufficient, primarily due to the absence of explicit legal recognition of digital game accounts as legally protected objects. Consequently, the study underscores the necessity of adopting progressive legal interpretation and formulating specific regulatory instruments to enhance legal certainty and ensure more effective consumer protection within the evolving landscape of digital transactions.

The film Home Sweet Loan depicts the reality of the lives of young people who face economic and psychological pressures due to the double burden of family. The character of Kaluna represents the sandwich generation, a generation that must meet the needs of both generations, parents and the nuclear family. This study aims to analyze the meaning of denotation, connotation, and myth in this film, as well as how the representation of the sandwich generation is formed through narrative and visual symbols. The approach used is Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis, which divides meaning into three levels: denotative, connotative, and myth. Data were obtained through observation of the film, visual documentation and dialogue, and interviews with semiotics experts and film practitioners. The results show that the film Home Sweet Loan presents a layered meaning that reflects the dilemma of the sandwich generation, especially young women. The representation of the sandwich generation is formed through symbols and narratives that highlight the conflict between personal interests and responsibilities to the family. This film not only reflects reality but also functions as an ideological medium that shapes society's perspective on the role of the younger generation in the modern family. Through the character of Kaluna, the film depicts the pressures experienced by individuals in this position, including the challenge of maintaining a balance between personal ambition and obligations to the family. Thus, this film conveys a message about the importance of balancing personal interests and social demands within the family.

This study aims to determine the representation of the father's role as a single parent in the short film "Mana Janji Ayah." The study used a qualitative method with Roland Barthes's semiotic analysis focusing on three layers of meaning: denotation, connotation, and myth. The analysis was conducted on scenes depicting the father's role, including as protector, patient, breadwinner, caretaker, and bringer of happiness to children. The results show that the representation of fathers is not limited to financial functions but also encompasses emotional and moral roles, such as affection, responsibility, and sacrifice in raising children. The film depicts a single father who works as a bajaj driver to support his children after the death of his wife, despite often facing economic constraints and environmental stigma. This representation is conveyed through visual and audio cues that reinforce the message of a father's struggle and sincerity. This study confirms that film can be a medium that reflects social reality, particularly the complexity of the role of single fathers, which is often overlooked in society.

This study aims to identify and analyze the leadership style of the Cilampunghilir Village Head in implementing village governance. The study used a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. Informants were selected purposively, including the village head, village secretary, village officials, hamlet heads, and relevant community leaders. Data analysis was conducted using an interactive model that included data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that the village head's leadership style tends to be democratic and participatory. The village head emphasizes collective decision-making by prioritizing consensus through deliberation and encouraging citizen involvement in every step of governance. In decision-making, the village head strives to involve the wider community so that policy outcomes are well-received. In terms of motivation, the village head actively provides encouragement, rewards, and builds reciprocal cooperation with village officials and residents. He recognizes the importance of appreciation and trust in order to build a cooperative work environment. Furthermore, in communication, the village head is known for being open, accessible, and willing to listen to the aspirations of villagers. In terms of controlling subordinates, the village head provides clear direction, delegates tasks according to competence, and enforces discipline to ensure the smooth implementation of village programs. This indicates a leadership style that balances authority with empowerment. However, the study also identified several weaknesses, including a lack of representation of marginalized groups, low frequency of outreach activities, and unequal access to information. Therefore, it is recommended that deliberation forums be strengthened with a more inclusive approach, diversified outreach methods through the use of digital channels, and increased transparency be implemented to optimize village governance.

This study aims to analyze the correlation between the principle of equality before the law and the affirmative action policy, which is expressed in the form of a 30% quota for women's representation in the political field, as stipulated in Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections. The focus of the study is directed at the extent to which this quota policy is in line with the principle of equality before the law and reflects substantive justice in democratic practices in Indonesia. The research method used is normative research by examining laws and regulations, legal doctrine, and relevant literature. This approach is used to assess whether the quota policy for women's representation is in accordance with the constitutional principle of equality, while also considering the challenges of its implementation in a socio-political context that is still gender biased. The results of the study indicate that the 30% quota for women in legislative candidacy is a form of positive discrimination intended to correct structural and historical inequalities in women's political participation. This policy is expected to open wider spaces for participation so that women have equal opportunities to play a role in the legislative process and public policy making. However, this policy has also drawn criticism. Some believe that the quota emphasizes fulfilling numbers rather than the quality and capacity of the individuals nominated. Therefore, the quota must be accompanied by efforts to improve the quality of women's human resources, political education, and transparent, merit-based selection mechanisms. This way, women's representation will not only be formal but also substantial and contribute significantly to democratic development. In conclusion, the 30% quota policy remains necessary as an affirmative step toward de facto equality. However, strengthening capacity and supporting systems is crucial for its implementation to align with the principle of equality before the law and achieve substantive justice.  

This study examines the primary motivations of authors in creating erotic slash fanfiction using Thai boys-in-love actors on the app X. Adopting a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews and thematic analysis, and interpreted through the lens of Symbolic Interactionism Theory and Labeling Theory, this study highlights how authors understand and interact with this phenomenon. The findings indicate that authors perceive their work as a form of self-expression, art, and entertainment, despite being aware of the potential for labeling as pornography or violating legal norms. Their primary motivation stems from the fulfillment of personal imagination and self-satisfaction, which is significantly strengthened by the validation and support of a supportive online community. This community also plays a crucial role in shaping unwritten norms and providing psychological buffers against potential external negative views. Authors demonstrate various strategic responses, including the use of disclaimers and a realistic acceptance of societal perceptions. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of a nuanced understanding of online subcultural practices, fostering digital literacy, and suggesting a wise and adaptive approach to content regulation in the digital age. This study also provides insights into how authors of erotic fanfiction on online platforms like X interact with popular cultural values and gender identity. The authors in this study are not only connected to their communities but also engaged in a broader process of identity construction through the characters they create. The Thai boy-love actor, a frequent inspiration in their work, serves as a symbol that reinforces the representation of non-heteronormative relationships, providing space for a more free and inclusive exploration of sexual identity.

This study aims to analyze the representation of the figure of the prolific sundel in the 2025 version of Pocari Sweat #IONTahanBocor advertisement using Roland Barthes' semiotic approach. The ad features a local mystical figure sundel bolong in an unusual humorous narrative to convey an educational message about the importance of staying hydrated during fasting. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a constructivist paradigm and analyzes visual impressions based on three layers of Barthes' meaning: denotation, connotation, and myth. The results of the analysis showed that the sundel bolong was shown as a figure who was dehydrated and then recovered after consuming Pocari Sweat, which is interpreted as a symbolic form of loss and recovery of body fluids. This representation shows a shift in meaning from a creepy figure to a funny and educational figure. Visual symbols such as the body leaking and the transformation into a cactus reinforce the educational message about hydration that is popularly packaged and lightweight. These findings suggest that advertising not only becomes a promotional medium, but also builds new myths through the construction of popular culture and visual communication.  

An advocate is a legal professional who provides legal services both inside and outside the courtroom based on statutory law. During the Dutch colonial era, legal representation by advocates was extremely expensive, making it accessible only to individuals of high social status. At that time, indigenous people, who were generally impoverished, could not afford legal representation. However, this situation has changed with the enactment of Law No. 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid. This law guarantees the constitutional right of every individual to receive free and quality legal assistance, especially for underprivileged communities, through Legal Aid Posts (Posbakum). Advocates working at Posbakum help marginalized individuals understand their rights, provide legal consultations, and prepare essential legal documents.

This article examines the representation of Islamic culture through historical collections at the Sri Baduga Maharaja Museum in Bandung. It aims to analyze how artifacts such as momolo, Islamic glass paintings, and manuscripts like Serat Yusuf, Babad Banten, and Babad Cirebon reflect the process of Islamization and cultural acculturation in the Sundanese region from the 16th to early 20th century. This study employs historical methods with a qualitative approach, supported by interviews, direct observation, and literature review. The findings reveal that these collections not only hold historical value but also symbolic and educational significance, illustrating how Islamic values were integrated into local cultural frameworks in a peaceful and organic manner. Nevertheless, the curatorial interpretation of Islamic collections still requires improvement to better convey historical narratives and Islamic meanings in a contextual way to visitors.