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This article examines the complex interactions between the military and civil society in regions affected by conflict, approached from a sociological-legal perspective. The study seeks to understand how military power influences civil society, the ways in which legal and social legitimacy are established, and how local communities respond to military presence and control. Employing a qualitative case-study methodology, the research utilized in-depth interviews with community members and military personnel, extensive field observations, and detailed analysis of relevant legal documents. The findings reveal that military power structures significantly impact civil rights, security, and social dynamics, with interactions ranging from cooperative engagement to open conflict. Furthermore, the legitimacy of military actions is closely linked to factors such as operational performance, transparency, accountability, and social acceptance by local populations. Based on these insights, the article argues for the importance of improving communication channels between military forces and communities, integrating formal legal frameworks with local norms and practices, and actively involving community members in security and governance programs. These measures are proposed as strategies to enhance the legitimacy of military operations, reduce conflict, and promote long-term social stability. The study contributes to the broader understanding of civil-military relations by highlighting the sociological and legal dimensions of military influence in conflict-affected areas.

This study delves into the philosophical foundations of natural law, contrasting the irrational theories of Thomas Aquinas with the rational perspectives of Hugo Grotius and Immanuel Kant, examining their relevance within Indonesia’s deeply religious and pluralistic context. Aquinas argues that natural law is divinely ordained and serves as a universal moral guide, where law and morality are intrinsically linked. On the other hand, Grotius proposes that while natural law originates from divine will, human reason enables individuals to comprehend it, even without divine revelation. Kant’s philosophy shifts the focus to moral autonomy and the freedom of individuals, emphasizing that legitimate law must be based on principles of universal morality that respect human dignity. In the context of Indonesia, with its diverse religious landscape, integrating these philosophical ideas provides a balanced approach to the interaction between secular law, religious teachings, and moral values. The research adopts a juridical-normative methodology with a conceptual and legislative approach, analyzing secondary legal sources to explore how natural law influences Indonesia's legal system. The findings indicate that while Indonesia's legal system primarily follows positive law, it would benefit from incorporating the moral and spiritual aspects derived from natural law theory. The study concludes that Indonesia’s legal system can achieve a more substantive form of justice by integrating the principles of Aquinas, Grotius, and Kant, thus ensuring a more harmonious blend of legal certainty, moral integrity, and religious principles in the country’s laws.  

This study explores the implementation of interpersonal communication between tutors and students in speaking class activities at the Kind English Course by applying DeVito’s Interpersonal Communication Theory. Interpersonal communication plays a vital role in English language learning, especially in speaking classes where real-time interaction directly shapes students’ engagement and learning outcomes. Using a qualitative literature review method, this research examines how the five key components of interpersonal communication—openness, empathy, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality—are applied within instructional practices. The analysis reveals that tutors who demonstrate openness and empathy foster stronger emotional connections with students, which encourages them to speak more confidently. Supportive and positive communication behaviors further create a safe and motivating learning environment where students feel valued and understood. Additionally, the principle of equality helps reduce hierarchical barriers, enabling more collaborative and interactive learning dynamics. Overall, the findings indicate that the consistent application of interpersonal communication principles significantly enhances students’ participation, confidence, and speaking proficiency. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how communication quality influences language learning and underscores the importance of interpersonal competence among tutors in developing effective and engaging speaking class experiences.

The rapid advancement of social media platforms has reshaped how people form and express their identities within digital environments, especially among university students. This research seeks to examine the extent to which personal use of social media influences the development of personal branding among students in the Digital Communication and Media Program at IPB University Vocational School. A quantitative research method with a survey approach was applied, involving 71 participants selected through random sampling techniques. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire employing a four-point Likert scale, and the data were analyzed through various statistical tests including validity and reliability assessments, classical assumption tests, Pearson correlation, simple linear regression, and determination coefficient using SPSS software. The results demonstrate that personal engagement with social media has a significant and positive relationship with students’ personal branding. Students who post consistently, produce high-quality content, and engage positively with audiences tend to project a stronger professional persona. Overall, the findings indicate that social media serves not only as a means of communication but also as an essential medium for developing one’s reputation and professional credibility in the digital age.  

Environmental cleanliness is a critical factor in the effective management of nature-based tourist destinations, as it strongly shapes tourists’ perceptions of destination quality, comfort, and overall attractiveness, as well as their intention to visit and revisit. This study aims to examine the extent to which environmental cleanliness influences tourists’ visit intention in the Harau Valley tourism area (Lembah Harau), Kanagarian Tarantang, Harau District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The research employed a quantitative survey method by distributing structured questionnaires to 50 tourists during their visit to Lembah Harau. The variables measured include tourists’ perceptions of environmental cleanliness, such as waste management practices, sanitation conditions, and the availability of waste disposal facilities, as well as visit intention indicators, including intention to return and willingness to recommend the destination to others. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining a clean environment to enhance tourists’ positive behavioral intentions. The implications of these findings suggest that destination managers and local government authorities should consistently enforce cleanliness policies, strengthen integrated waste management systems, and provide adequate sanitation facilities to enhance the attractiveness of Lembah Harau and support sustainable tourism development, without neglecting the need for continuous monitoring, evaluation, and improvement in these areas.

Digital transformation has become an essential approach for MSMEs to improve their operational efficiency and market competitiveness. This research investigates the acceptance of electronic payment systems among MSMEs using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Data were obtained through questionnaires distributed to MSME respondents and analyzed using the bootstrapping technique to evaluate the significance of variable relationships. The findings reveal that Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) has a significant impact on both Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Attitude Toward Using (ATU). Moreover, PU and ATU exert positive influences on Behavioral Intention (BI), with R² values of 0.65 for ATU and 0.71 for BI. These results suggest that the perceived ease of use and usefulness of electronic payment systems play a crucial role in shaping MSMEs’ attitudes and intentions toward adopting digital technologies. This study offers insights for formulating effective digital transformation strategies for MSMEs through the implementation of electronic payment systems.

Symbolic interactionism is an approach that examines how symbols and meanings are created through interactions between individuals within a learning context. This approach explores how individuals use symbols to communicate, interact, and understand the world around them. In the context of the learning process, symbolic interactionist analysis can provide a deep understanding of how learning occurs through interactions between teachers and students, as well as among students themselves. Through this analysis, we can observe how symbols such as language, gestures, and expressions are used to communicate ideas and concepts being taught in the classroom. Additionally, symbolic interactionist analysis can also help us understand how individuals construct their identities within the learning environment. In the modern era of education, the interaction between teachers and students has become one of the crucial aspects of the learning process. Through social interaction and the use of symbols, individuals can shape their perceptions of themselves and how they are viewed by others. This can affect their motivation and engagement in learning. Thus, symbolic interactionist analysis offers valuable insights into understanding the learning process and how interactions between individuals play a key role in the construction of meaning and understanding. Through this understanding, we can improve the quality of learning and provide more meaningful learning experiences for students. Communication does not only occur through words but also through nonverbal communication, including facial expressions, body movements, and other gestures. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how symbolic interactionism plays a role in learning and how nonverbal communication influences the dynamics of classroom interaction.

Inheritance law in Indonesia is pluralistic because it is influenced by three legal systems, namely customary law, Islamic law, and western civil law (Burgerlijk Wetboek) which is a legacy of the Dutch colonial era and divides the population based on legal classes. This diversity of legal systems also influences inheritance practices in Chinese society which traditionally adheres to a patrilineal system, where sons are prioritized over daughters in the distribution of inheritance. This study aims to analyze the inheritance law regulations for Chinese society, the development of inheritance practices that occur, and the legal considerations used by judges in the Supreme Court Decision Number 147K/Pdt/2017. The research method used is normative-empirical legal research with a statutory approach, cases, and legal identification, as well as assessing the effectiveness of legal implementation through literature studies and interviews. The results of the study indicate that the Supreme Court decision confirms the equality of inheritance rights between sons and daughters. This marks a shift in the Chinese inheritance system from patrilineal customs to the application of the provisions of the Civil Code, which upholds the values ​​of justice and gender equality.

Patriarchy in the modern era still persists despite continuous efforts to achieve gender equality across various aspects of life, including education, the workplace, and social interactions. Its presence is often reinforced through mass media, particularly in television series. The drama series “Bid’ah” vividly portrays the impact of patriarchy on women’s lives, both in domestic settings and in the public sphere. This study aims to examine the extent to which exposure to the series “Bid’ah” influences viewers’ perceptions of patriarchy. This research employed a quantitative approach involving 100 undergraduate students from the Communication Science program at Universitas Bina Bangsa. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, where participants were selected based on specific criteria relevant to the research objectives. Data were collected through an online questionnaire using a four-point Likert scale to measure the respondents’ perceptions. The data were then analyzed using simple linear regression with the help of SPSS software. The findings indicate a significant influence between exposure to the series and viewers’ perceptions of patriarchy. This is evidenced by a correlation coefficient of 0.405 (p-value 0.000) and a coefficient of determination of 0.164. These results suggest that 16.4% of the variance in perceptions of patriarchy can be explained by exposure to the “Bid’ah” series, while 83.6% is influenced by other factors beyond this study. These findings highlight the important role of media in shaping social perceptions, particularly regarding gender norms and patriarchal values. This study contributes to the understanding of how media, especially television dramas, can both reinforce and challenge gender stereotypes, while also providing insights into the potential influence of media content on audiences’ attitudes toward gender equality.

This research is motivated by the importance of understanding the niqab (face veil) as a religious symbol and an identity marker for Muslim women, which continues to spark public debate in Indonesia. The niqab is often viewed from various perspectives—religious, cultural, social, and political—making it a controversial topic. These differing viewpoints highlight the need for a deeper exploration of the meaning and practice of wearing the niqab, especially within Islamic higher education institutions. The study aims to examine both the normative and sociological aspects of niqab use among female students at Ma’had Al-Birr, Muhammadiyah University (Unismuh) Makassar. This institution is known for having a significant number of students who wear the niqab, each with different backgrounds and motivations, ranging from theological beliefs to personal convictions and environmental influences. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a field-based approach. It combines normative Islamic theological perspectives with sociological analysis, using data collection techniques such as observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that students perceive the niqab not merely as a religious obligation to cover one's aurat (parts of the body that should be concealed), but also as a symbol of piety, honor, obedience, and personal ijtihad (independent reasoning) in practicing Islamic teachings. An inclusive campus environment supports these students in engaging freely in both academic and social activities. However, challenges still arise, particularly in the form of stereotypes and perceptions of exclusivity that some individuals associate with niqab wearers. These misconceptions underscore the importance of cross-perspective understanding in addressing this phenomenon. This study is expected to contribute to the development of campus policies that support freedom of expression, uphold mutual respect, and promote a more inclusive, open, and tolerant atmosphere within Islamic higher education institutions—one that embraces the diversity of religious practices and encourages respectful coexistence.

Deconstruction was introduced by a French philosopher born in Algeria, Jacques Derrida. This theory challenges the centralized and rounded mode of meaning as might be desired by the text or which is deliberately made clear by the logical relationship of the text. The “unspeakable” power of the text is the logic that is trivialized or underestimated as a secondary meaning that at times endangers the structure of the text or produces ambiguous paradoxes, which will erode the reader. Deconstruction aims to dismantle the Western metaphysical tradition such as Husserlin's phenomenology, Saussurean structuralism, structuralism. Derrida's deconstruction method is better known as metaphorical deconstruction. Metaphor here is not understood as an aspect of the expressive function of language but as an essential condition of speech. Metaphor represents one way of constructing discourse and strongly influences the understanding of various texts. Deconstruction is carried out on metaphorical texts composed by the author. Deconstruction can occur in the text itself or vice versa, we who deconstruct a text. In conclusion, deconstruction can be applied in everyday life by recognizing that other people's views on a topic and perspective may have different meanings from ours.