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This study delves into the philosophical foundations of natural law, contrasting the irrational theories of Thomas Aquinas with the rational perspectives of Hugo Grotius and Immanuel Kant, examining their relevance within Indonesia’s deeply religious and pluralistic context. Aquinas argues that natural law is divinely ordained and serves as a universal moral guide, where law and morality are intrinsically linked. On the other hand, Grotius proposes that while natural law originates from divine will, human reason enables individuals to comprehend it, even without divine revelation. Kant’s philosophy shifts the focus to moral autonomy and the freedom of individuals, emphasizing that legitimate law must be based on principles of universal morality that respect human dignity. In the context of Indonesia, with its diverse religious landscape, integrating these philosophical ideas provides a balanced approach to the interaction between secular law, religious teachings, and moral values. The research adopts a juridical-normative methodology with a conceptual and legislative approach, analyzing secondary legal sources to explore how natural law influences Indonesia's legal system. The findings indicate that while Indonesia's legal system primarily follows positive law, it would benefit from incorporating the moral and spiritual aspects derived from natural law theory. The study concludes that Indonesia’s legal system can achieve a more substantive form of justice by integrating the principles of Aquinas, Grotius, and Kant, thus ensuring a more harmonious blend of legal certainty, moral integrity, and religious principles in the country’s laws.  

Social assistance programs are often a major concern during local elections. However, their impact on voter support for incumbents remains underexplored. This study analyzes how perceptions of social assistance influence voting behavior for incumbents in the 2024 Palangka Raya mayoral election. Using a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, the quantitative stage was conducted through a survey of 370 social assistance recipients and analyzed using PLS-SEM. The qualitative stage used 13 official documents and verified news reports to examine how social assistance was framed in the public sphere. The results show that perceptions of social assistance are the strongest predictor of the tendency to vote for incumbents, whereas political competition, demographic factors, and moderating effects are not significant. Qualitative analysis shows that social assistance issues are the most frequently mentioned theme in news reports and official documents, thereby reinforcing their relevance as a basis for evaluation by the beneficiaries. This study shows that voters tend to respond to the benefits of policies they perceive in determining their electoral choices, even within a public sphere that frequently raises issues of program politicization.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) play a crucial role in creating consistency, efficiency, and accountability in governance. However, the process of developing SOPs within the bureaucracy often faces complex organizational communication challenges. This study aims to analyze the organizational communication process in developing SOPs at the Serang City Regional Inspectorate, focusing on the role of the Secretariat as the administrative coordination center. The method used was a qualitative case study approach, involving in-depth interviews with key informants, observation, and documentation analysis. The results indicate that organizational communication plays a crucial role in every stage of SOP development, from data collection and drafting, to cross-sector coordination, and document finalization. The Secretariat acts as a liaison between units, archives manager, and coordination meeting facilitator. However, obstacles identified include a top-down vertical communication pattern, differing perceptions between units, delays in information flow due to bureaucracy, and limited technology-based communication tools. Improvements were made through the establishment of cross-unit forums, communication training, and the use of online applications to strengthen two-way communication. The implications of this research indicate that increasing the effectiveness of organizational communication is a key factor in accelerating the process of preparing SOPs and supporting the creation of more responsive, efficient, and accountable governance.

This study aims to improve the quality of learning at SD Negeri 060915, Medan Sunggal District, through the implementation of a participatory learning approach using Participatory Action Research (PAR). The background of the study is based on the low level of student engagement in classroom activities and the teacher’s reliance on traditional lecture methods, which hinder active student participation. This classroom action research was carried out in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. Data were collected through observation, interviews, documentation, and formative assessments. The results showed that the participatory learning approach had a positive impact on increasing student engagement, collaboration in group work, and academic performance, as indicated by an increase in the average student score from 66.4 in the first cycle to 77.2 in the second cycle. Teachers also improved their role as facilitators, and the classroom environment became more interactive and student-centered. The study concludes that the participatory approach is effective in creating an active, collaborative, and meaningful learning environment in elementary education.