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This research analyzes the Indonesian government’s policy responses to combating Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in the Arafura Sea during 2023-2024, focusing on the case of the Run Zeng 03 and Run Zeng 05 vessels. These foreign-flagged vessels, owned by a Chinese company but registered under the Russian flag, were involved in illegal fishing and human rights violations against Indonesian fishery crew members. Using a qualitative descriptive approach supported by literature studies and official government data, this research analyzes how Indonesia implemented its maritime sovereignty through legal enforcement, inter-agency coordination, and international maritime diplomacy. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s measures, such as vessel monitoring AIS/VMS technology, law enforcement through arrests and seizures, and diplomatic engagement with flag states reflect a progressive but still reactive approach. The study identifies key challenges, including limited foreign authorities. This research highlights the need for an integrated policy framework that combines hard power (law enforcement and patrols) with soft power (international cooperation, economic diplomacy, and labor protection). The study concludes that a comprehensive and collaborative approach is essential to strengthen maritime governance and ensure sustainable, equitable management of Indonesia’s marine resources.

The Tigray conflict and the Ethiopian Government in 2020-2022 were mainly motivated by dissatisfaction with the policies of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. TPLF as a representative party of the Tigray ethnic group attacked the government until it received a counterattack that further prolonged the conflict situation. The conflict then sparked international attention, including China. China played a role in bridging the conflict resolution indirectly. This study aims to review the efforts made by China in helping to bridge the conflict resolution. The method used uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The study found that China fully used a quasi-mediation diplomacy strategy in an effort to resolve the conflict. China's efforts are reflected through personal identity and the results of the interactions that were established. China promotes the principle of non-intervention and regional resolution, even providing humanitarian assistance and sustainable development. China is not directly involved in maintaining national interests, both materially and socially, in the form of applicable relations and norms.