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Indonesia's maritime security faces increasingly complex challenges due to the rise of hybrid threats that combine traditional and non-traditional elements. One of the main threats is the shadow fleet, operating covertly with unregistered ships, evading detection, and exploiting weaknesses in maritime surveillance to engage in illegal activities such as smuggling, illegal transshipment, and unlawful exploitation of natural resources. This phenomenon exacerbates Indonesia's maritime security situation, particularly in strategic areas like the Natuna Sea and the Sunda Strait, which are vulnerable to geopolitical conflicts and overlapping territorial claims. Additionally, transnational crimes such as piracy, drug trafficking, and human trafficking further undermine security in Indonesian waters. To address these threats, Indonesia needs to strengthen its maritime surveillance capacity by adopting advanced technologies such as early detection sistems and the Automatic Identification Sistem (AIS), as well as enhancing coordination between maritime agencies like Bakamla and the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) to improve responses to harder-to-detect threats. Moreover, international cooperation with neighboring countries and regional maritime organizations like ASEAN must be bolstered to tackle cross-border threats. Strengthening surveillance, modernizing technology, and fostering more integrative maritime diplomacy will be crucial in safeguarding Indonesia's maritime sovereignty and ensuring the stability of this increasingly strategic maritime region.

The presumption of innocence is a fundamental principle in the criminal justice system that serves to protect the rights of the accused from the risk of unfair punishment. This principle states that a person is presumed innocent until proven legally and convincingly guilty of committing a crime before a court. This research uses an empirical juridical method, namely a legal approach that examines how positive law, especially unwritten law, is applied in society. In this context, the research highlights the implementation of the presumption of innocence in criminal justice practices in Indonesia. The application of the presumption of innocence is very important for the judicial process to run fairly, directed, and achieve the main objectives of criminal justice, namely upholding justice, legal certainty, and legal order. The relationship between this principle and human rights is very close, because with this principle, suspects and defendants are guaranteed to obtain legal protection during the legal process. Rights such as not being treated as guilty before a court decision, the right to defense, and the right to humane treatment are part of this principle. Enforcing the presumption of innocence is not only the responsibility of law enforcement officers such as the police, prosecutors, and judges, but also all elements of society. Therefore, it is crucial for every citizen to understand and respect this principle in their social lives, especially in responding to ongoing legal cases. As a concrete implementation, law enforcement must implement policies that protect the public and maintain a sense of security, for example by increasing surveillance in crime-prone areas. This way, the law can be enforced fairly, and public trust in the criminal justice system will increase. The presumption of innocence is a crucial foundation for the creation of humane and fair trials in Indonesia.

This research is motivated by the importance of understanding the niqab (face veil) as a religious symbol and an identity marker for Muslim women, which continues to spark public debate in Indonesia. The niqab is often viewed from various perspectives—religious, cultural, social, and political—making it a controversial topic. These differing viewpoints highlight the need for a deeper exploration of the meaning and practice of wearing the niqab, especially within Islamic higher education institutions. The study aims to examine both the normative and sociological aspects of niqab use among female students at Ma’had Al-Birr, Muhammadiyah University (Unismuh) Makassar. This institution is known for having a significant number of students who wear the niqab, each with different backgrounds and motivations, ranging from theological beliefs to personal convictions and environmental influences. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a field-based approach. It combines normative Islamic theological perspectives with sociological analysis, using data collection techniques such as observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that students perceive the niqab not merely as a religious obligation to cover one's aurat (parts of the body that should be concealed), but also as a symbol of piety, honor, obedience, and personal ijtihad (independent reasoning) in practicing Islamic teachings. An inclusive campus environment supports these students in engaging freely in both academic and social activities. However, challenges still arise, particularly in the form of stereotypes and perceptions of exclusivity that some individuals associate with niqab wearers. These misconceptions underscore the importance of cross-perspective understanding in addressing this phenomenon. This study is expected to contribute to the development of campus policies that support freedom of expression, uphold mutual respect, and promote a more inclusive, open, and tolerant atmosphere within Islamic higher education institutions—one that embraces the diversity of religious practices and encourages respectful coexistence.