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Free trade provides significant opportunities for developing countries to increase exports, expand market access, and drive economic growth. Through engagement in global markets, products and services can reach a wider range of consumers, creating the potential for increased national income. However, global economic integration also presents serious challenges, particularly in terms of the protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). As national boundaries in economic activity become increasingly blurred, intellectual property—including patents, trademarks, industrial designs, copyrights, and trade secrets—becomes increasingly vulnerable to infringement. Common forms of infringement include piracy, counterfeiting of branded products, and theft of technology or innovation. These practices not only harm creators or rights owners but can also hinder the development of innovation, reduce industrial competitiveness, and undermine consumer confidence. Adequate IPR protection requires a combination of strong national regulations and an effective international legal framework. Instruments such as the TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement under the WTO provide global standards to which compliance must be adhered, but implementation at the national level is crucial for their success. Weak or inconsistent law enforcement can open the door to violations that harm both domestic and foreign businesses. Beyond legal aspects, effective IPR protection also impacts the investment climate. Investors tend to invest in countries that can guarantee the security of their intellectual assets. Therefore, IPR protection is not only a legal issue but also a long-term economic development strategy. Therefore, in the era of free trade, developing countries need to balance market openness with strengthening IPR protection systems to create a conducive environment for innovation, sustainable economic growth, and public welfare.

Along with the increasing public interest in coffee, the coffee industry in Indonesia, especially in urban areas such as Surakarta, is growing rapidly. Surakarta is one of the cultural and tourism cities that has a variety of consumer segments that are potential targets for Kopi Stralink. Starting from students, office workers, to tourists who have unique preferences that need to be accommodated in marketing strategies. This study can help Kopi Stralink management in designing a more effective marketing communication strategy. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method, which aims to describe in depth the marketing communication strategy implemented by Kopi Stralink (Kopi Keliling) in the Surakarta area. This method focuses on an in-depth understanding of the phenomena studied and relies on descriptive data. The results of the study can provide insight into the most effective communication channels and relevant approaches to be implemented so that Kopi Stralink can reach its target market more optimally in Surakarta. This study can open up discussions about social problems faced by society, especially those related to economic pressure and debt. This analysis is expected to encourage society to be more critical in understanding the impact of modern lifestyles on personal and social well-being.

The phenomenon of the local Aceh party's victory in the 2024 legislative election demonstrates the success of political communication strategies employed by the elected members of the Aceh Regional House of Representatives. This study aims to analyze the political communication strategies used by local party members in winning the election and how these strategies build closeness with voters in Aceh. The research method is qualitative with a case study approach, involving in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis related to political campaigns. The results indicate that a combination of interpersonal communication, utilization of social media, and integration of local cultural values are key to the success of the local party’s political communication strategy. This study contributes new insights by highlighting the importance of local wisdom-based political communication and the role of traditional and religious leaders in strengthening political support in a special autonomous region like Aceh. The findings can serve as a reference for developing more effective and contextual political communication strategies in regions with similar characteristics.

The principle of legality is a legal principle that states that every act may only be subject to sanctions if it has been stipulated in the legislation before the criminal act is committed. The research aims to analyze the necessity of a law before a criminal event occurs; analyze the assessment of an act that is not analogous; analyze the need for the principle of legality to protect individuals from arbitrary actions by judicial officers. The research method is the normative legal method, by adopting conventions, legislation, law books, journals, articles, the internet. Furthermore, comprehensively reviewing the literature so that maximum results are obtained. The results of the research, law enforcement that is fair, pure and consistent is still difficult to achieve considering that many officers still do not fully understand the meaning of the principle of legality so that they often make mistakes in considering imposing criminal sanctions, and often their decisions exceed their authority. Human rights are inherent rights in individuals, so individuals should get their rights. Protection of individual rights is mandated in the 1945 Constitution Article 28G paragraph (1) Article 28H paragraph (1). Legal certainty is a vital element in building an honest and fair legal strategy. It is expected that when laws are created, they should be in accordance with a systematic, democratic mechanism based on empirical observation results, so that errors in the application of the law can be minimized. Thus, all people get legal certainty where their rights are protected and maintained, on the other hand, each individual is aware not to do prohibited acts because every action has logical and firm consequences.