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Infrastructure development as a National Strategic Project (NSP), such as the Yogyakarta-Bawen Toll Road, aims to improve public welfare but often faces a crucial issue in the land acquisition process, namely the determination of compensation. This research examines the application of substantive justice, which focuses not only on procedural compliance (procedural justice) but also on the fairness and adequacy of the final outcome for the entitled parties. Using a juridical-empirical approach, this article analyzes two main problems: first, how substantive justice is realized in the deliberation stage of determining compensation and what factors cause disagreement from residents. Second, how the overall stages of land acquisition affect the achievement of substantive justice and the obstacles encountered. The analysis shows that although the land acquisition stages have procedurally followed Law No. 2 of 2012, the achievement of substantive justice is still hindered. Factors such as the appraisal of compensation which is deemed not to cover non-physical losses, lack of transparency, and an imbalanced bargaining position in deliberations are the main causes of disagreement. Obstacles in the planning, socialization, and payment stages also impede the realization of a complete sense of justice for the affected communities. This study is expected to contribute to the development of land acquisition policies that prioritize fairness, transparency, and the protection of the rights of affected communities.

This study analyzes the juridical issues related to the implementation of criminal sanctions below the statutory minimum, as reflected in Cassation Decision Number 7853/K/Pid.Sus/2024. The focus of this research centers on the tension between the rigid provisions of Article 111 paragraph (1) of Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning narcotics and the reality of judicial practice, which often deviates from these provisions. This phenomenon raises debates regarding the extent to which the principle of legality can be compromised in pursuit of justice without undermining the pillar of legal certainty within Indonesia’s criminal justice system. Using a normative legal research method with a statutory and case study approach, this study qualitatively analyzes judges’ considerations. The findings indicate that, although the policy of imposing sentences below the minimum carries the risk of creating legal uncertainty, the Supreme Court in this case reinterpreted the principle of legality. Judges tend to prioritize proportionality and substantive justice to avoid purely mechanical punishment. The study concludes that, while judicial discretion represents a concrete expression of judicial independence, such practice requires clearer normative parameters. Without explicit regulation, deviations from the statutory minimum risk widening disparities in judicial decisions. Therefore, standardized sentencing guidelines are necessary to preserve legal integrity while maintaining a sense of justice for defendants.

The background of this research aims to determine and analyze judges' perspectives on the application of customary law in resolving criminal cases at the Padangsidimpuan District Court. Customary law is an unwritten legal system that exists and develops within society and is often used as a consideration in deciding cases related to local values ​​and cultural wisdom. In the context of Padangsidimpuan society, which still strongly upholds customs and traditions, customary law often serves as a means of resolving social conflicts before they enter the formal legal realm. The research method used is empirical juridical, with data collection techniques through direct interviews with judges and document studies of several relevant court decisions. The results indicate that most judges at the Padangsidimpuan District Court view customary law as a complementary instrument to positive law, particularly in minor criminal cases with social and familial dimensions. Judges strive to consider customary values ​​to achieve substantive justice, without neglecting the principle of legality and statutory provisions. However, the application of customary law cannot replace positive law in its entirety; rather, it serves as a moral and social value that strengthens the community's sense of justice.

This study aims to analyze the role of communication in Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems in creating customer satisfaction at PT Bangkit Jaya Teknik Indonesia, a business-to-business (B2B) cold storage installation service company. The research background lies in the increasing number of customer complaints during 2022–2024, mainly due to delayed responses, suboptimal after-sales service, and the absence of a centralized communication record system. This study employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews with internal parties (marketing project, project manager, project PIC) and customers, as well as company archival documentation. The findings reveal that responsive, open, and two-way communication plays a significant role in enhancing customers’ sense of being valued, trust, and loyalty, which ultimately fosters satisfaction. However, communication barriers such as delays in after-sales service, gaps between customer expectations and company procedures, and the lack of a communication database remain major challenges. To overcome these, the company has initiated strategies including the development of a customer communication database, improved after-sales monitoring, and the adjustment of communication standard operating procedures to align with customer needs. These results reinforce the relevance of Relationship Management theory and the IDIC model, both of which emphasize communication as the core of CRM. Theoretically, this study contributes to organizational communication studies, while practically, it provides recommendations for B2B service companies to prioritize communication in CRM strategies to strengthen customer satisfaction and loyalty.

This study examines the application of the ultra petita principle in decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, focusing on the case study of Decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023. The ultra petita principle is classically understood as a prohibition for judges to rule beyond what is explicitly requested by the parties to the case. However, in practice, the Constitutional Court often uses this principle flexibly to ensure substantive justice and the effective protection of citizens' constitutional rights. This shows how constitutional adjudication in Indonesia tends to prioritize substantive justice over procedural limitations. This thesis aims to analyze the legal basis used by the Constitutional Court when deciding ultra petita cases, while also examining the resulting legal implications for the administrative system of lawmaking in Indonesia. Using a normative legal approach, this study finds that the Constitutional Court positions itself as the sole interpreter of the constitution with progressive authority. In this sense, the Court's decisions may expand its role beyond the traditional boundaries of judicial authority. However, the Constitutional Court's ultra petita practice has the potential to raise concerns about judicial overreach. Ultra petita decisions not only resolve constitutional disputes but also have the potential to create new legal norms that can directly influence the legislative process and even change the structure of national law. Such outcomes raise the question of how to maintain a balance between judicial activism and legislative supremacy. Therefore, it is crucial to establish clear legal boundaries to ensure the Court remains within the constitutional framework, upholds the principle of checks and balances, and prevents conflicts of authority between branches of state power. Therefore, this research contributes to the academic understanding of the dynamics of the Constitutional Court's authority and the urgency of strengthening the rules of the game in maintaining harmony in the Indonesian state system.

This study discusses the implementation of consumer law in the context of gold investment through PT X's digital application and the consumer protection guarantee mechanisms presented in the system. The research method used is normative juridical, namely a method that emphasizes the study of applicable positive legal norms, legal doctrine, and the application of relevant legal principles. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of consumer law in digital-based gold investment has been carried out in accordance with contractual principles as stipulated in civil law and in line with the provisions of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. In practice, gold investment transactions through the X application are carried out with a mixed agreement containing elements of sale and purchase, deposit, and pawn. This is an important basis because the legal relationship between consumers and companies is not only a single transaction, but a combination that requires guaranteed protection of consumer rights. The legal basis for this mechanism is reflected in the X Digital Application Operational Guidelines Number 28 of 2024, which detailed administrative procedures, application usage requirements, and the implementation of consumer protection principles as stipulated in Articles 4, 7, 18, and 45 of the Consumer Protection Law. Thus, the implemented system not only emphasizes commercial aspects but also ensures a balance between the rights and obligations of consumers and businesses. This study highlights how digital transformation in financial services requires a robust legal framework to protect consumers from potential risks. Therefore, internal company regulations and guidelines play a strategic role in ensuring fairness and providing a sense of security for people investing in gold through digital applications.  

The presumption of innocence is a fundamental principle in the criminal justice system that serves to protect the rights of the accused from the risk of unfair punishment. This principle states that a person is presumed innocent until proven legally and convincingly guilty of committing a crime before a court. This research uses an empirical juridical method, namely a legal approach that examines how positive law, especially unwritten law, is applied in society. In this context, the research highlights the implementation of the presumption of innocence in criminal justice practices in Indonesia. The application of the presumption of innocence is very important for the judicial process to run fairly, directed, and achieve the main objectives of criminal justice, namely upholding justice, legal certainty, and legal order. The relationship between this principle and human rights is very close, because with this principle, suspects and defendants are guaranteed to obtain legal protection during the legal process. Rights such as not being treated as guilty before a court decision, the right to defense, and the right to humane treatment are part of this principle. Enforcing the presumption of innocence is not only the responsibility of law enforcement officers such as the police, prosecutors, and judges, but also all elements of society. Therefore, it is crucial for every citizen to understand and respect this principle in their social lives, especially in responding to ongoing legal cases. As a concrete implementation, law enforcement must implement policies that protect the public and maintain a sense of security, for example by increasing surveillance in crime-prone areas. This way, the law can be enforced fairly, and public trust in the criminal justice system will increase. The presumption of innocence is a crucial foundation for the creation of humane and fair trials in Indonesia.

Drawing on the participants' concrete lived experiences, this study explores how the processes of typification and we-relations shape the construction of meaning in everyday interactions. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and participant observation with four informants and one single caregiver, and analyzed descriptively texturally and structurally. The findings show that affective communication includes empathy, humor, and firm but authoritative correction that become the foundation for the formation of emotional bonds and a sense of “new family.” Holistic routines (praying in congregation, studying, social activities) facilitate the internalization of religious values, discipline, and independence, which in turn strengthen children's self-identity. The process of meaning construction does not only occur through words, but through daily practices that bring together the emotional, spiritual and social dimensions. These results recommend strengthening intersubjective communication training for caregivers in similar institutions to support the development of character and identity of orphans.

Law constitutes a set of rules that must be obeyed and implemented by every individual. The concept of law-making forms part of the broader meaning of legal politics, serving as a guideline for the governance of the state and the life of society. Law is a necessity for all components of the nation and the state to create security and order, thereby providing a sense of justice. General elections (Pemilu) conducted directly by the people, from the people, and for the people serve as a means of manifesting sovereignty for the state to produce a democratic government based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. The administration of general elections direct, free, universal, and secret must be carried out honestly and fairly, capable of realizing national integration, professionalism, and accountability in order to position the people as the primary holder of sovereignty. This study employs a normative juridical legal research method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this research indicate that the legal concept concerning general elections depends on legal politics, which acts as a determining activity in the pattern and formation of election legislation designed to oversee and renew that law as a determination of politics related to democracy in the country. This study aims to ascertain the impact of the implementation of legal politics in the post-reform general election system and represents an existence of legal politics within Indonesia’s legal enforcement system.

Street Children are one of the complex social problems in big cities in Indonesia The Kupang City Government has issued a policy through Kupang City Regional Regulation No. 8 of 2013 which regulates the Handling and Empowerment of Street Children, Vagrants, and Beggars in its area. The Social Service has not been fully effective in supporting social welfare. This can be seen from the problem of Street Children in Kupang City, where there are still many underage children who are often seen wandering the streets. They are involved in various activities, such as selling newspapers, snacks, and even begging to anyone who stops. The type of research used in this study uses empirical legal research where this research method functions to see the law in a real sense and examine how the law works in the community. The results of the research and discussion show that (1) the results of the research conducted at the Kupang City Social Service are related to the Duties and Responsibilities of the Social Service in providing social welfare services for street children. This refers to the Kupang City Regional Regulation Number 8 of 2013 concerning the Handling and Empowerment of Street Children. As the implementer, the Social Service has the authority to provide guidance and control to street children. In addition, the implementing agents involved also carry out their duties and functions in accordance with their roles as regional apparatus, ensuring that the coaching process runs in accordance with the responsibilities carried out. (2) Factors that hinder the city social services in providing services in the field of social welfare for street children in Kupang City include internal factors.  

Online loan-based financing services are increasingly attracting public interest because of the simplicity and rapidity of the procedure. However, in practice there are often violations of consumer rights, especially in the collection process by debt collectors who use violence and misuse personal information. This research seeks to assess the legal safeguards provided to consumers who use the Rupiah Plus application against such practices. By using a juridical-normative approach by examining applicable laws, regulations, and relevant case studies, this research reveals that although legal protection exists in a normative sense, its enforcement remains inadequate. Protective measures may be taken both preventively and repressively, while conflict resolution can be approached through judicial proceedings or alternative non-litigation methods.

This study discusses the Responsibility of Livestock Owners for Damage to Agricultural Land Owned by Residents in Nobo Village, Ile Boleng District, East Flores Regency. This study aims to determine the mechanism for resolving the problem of agricultural land damage caused by livestock in Nobo Village, Ile Boleng District, East Flores Regency and the form of accountability of livestock owners for damage to agricultural land caused by livestock. This study uses a qualitative research approach with an empirical research type. The techniques used in collecting data for this study are Observation, Interviews, Literature Studies, and Documentation. The results of this study indicate that the mechanism for resolving the problem of agricultural land damage caused by livestock in Nobo Village, Ile Boleng District, East Flores Regency through the stages of Reporting, Examination, and Trial. The law that regulates this, Article 1368 of the Civil Code, clearly regulates the responsibilities of livestock owners, and the Prohibition on releasing animals is also regulated in the Regional Regulation of East Flores Regency Number 25 of 1988 concerning Livestock Maintenance, but the sense of awareness of the community's obligations alone does not seem to be running. Claims that can be handed over to the pet owner who caused the loss can be in the form of compensation in the form of money and compensation in the form of returning it to its original condition (natural compensation).

The problem of the legality of the agreement of the deed of debt and credit agreement into buying and selling requires legal certainty so that no one is harmed. Normative legal certainty is when a regulation is made and promulgated with certainty because it regulates clearly and logically. Clear in the sense that it does not cause doubt (multi-interpretation) and logical in the sense that it becomes a system of norms with other norms so that it does not clash or cause norm conflicts. Norm conflict arising from rule uncertainty can take the form of norm contestation, norm reduction or norm distortion. This research approach is descriptive analytical which describes legal events that occur as they are and conveys these conditions according to theory and legislation. The research method used in the research is empirical juridical which analyzes the Bandung District Court Decision Number: 162/PDT.G/2021/PN.BDG regarding the Legality of the Deed of Sale and Purchase Agreement as Collateral for Debt and Credit Due to Legal Defects. The results of this study show that; AJB, which should be a proof of transfer of land rights in a real sale and purchase transaction, in this case is used to guarantee debt repayment. This is a deviation from the function of the AJB, which is legally unjustified because it contradicts the principle of halal causa (Articles 1335 and 1337 of the Civil Code). Therefore, the AJB made does not meet the elements of a valid causa, and therefore can be canceled or even null and void.

This study aims to find out the process of applying customary law sanctions of Wunis Peheng in resolving the criminal act of persecution committed by police and TNI personnel against a resident in Golo Poleng village, Ndoso District, West Manggarai Regency. In addition, it also aims to find out whether the customary sanction of Wunis Peheng in resolving the crime of persecution can provide a sense of justice for residents. This research is categorized as empirical juridical research. The empirical juridical approach aims to analyze problems using legal materials related to problems that occur in the field. Data collection techniques are carried out by means of observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The data that is processed and analyzed based on the formulation of the problem that has been determined is then presented in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of this study show that there are several stages in the process of applying customary sanctions of wunis peheng in the settlement of criminal acts of persecution, namely reporting cases of persecution to Tu'a Golo, summoning the parties involved in the persecution case, examination and verdicts of customary institutions, handing over Wunis Peheng from the perpetrator, Saying Traditional Prayers, Slaughtering ela (pigs). And several dimensions of justice in the provision of customary law sanctions, namely the rights of victims are fulfilled, restorative justice, and active participation of the community.  

In the era of digitalization like this, and in the realm of the process of finding the identity of a teenager, it is very easy for teenagers to be affected by many good and bad things by the surrounding environment. The problem that is often faced by teenagers is mental health where there are many causes and consequences that can trigger this to happen. Because of this problem, teenagers lack an understanding of self-love or love themselves. Self love has the meaning of a feeling where we feel confident and proud of our own abilities without attaching importance to the opinions of others by involving aspects of self-awareness, self-confidence, and caring for ourselves. Looking at the reality, this article uses qualitative methods and literature studies in answering these problems. In the interview that we have conducted to 7 existing resource persons and contain active high school teenagers based in the city of Surakarta. With the hope that the interview that has been done can help some and even all speakers about the importance of 'self love' for themselves. With the results we get in several existing aspects such as self awareness, self care, self esteem and in the 7th self worth aspect, the informant has a fairly good and high percentage. Even though in the aspect of self esteem at the same time it is still wrapped in a sense of insecurity.

The uniqueness of the Sasak community in preparing for the departure of prospective pilgrims to carry out the Hajj can attract the attention of researchers. So this research attempts to look at the traditions that the community carries out when carrying out the Hajj as well as the implications of the Hajj for the Sasak community. This study uses qualitative research using descriptive qualitative analysis by first collecting data through observations regarding what is happening in society, then conducting interviews. Documentation and individual experience to add data about Hajj. The results of this research show that the traditions before going on the pilgrimage for the Sasak people are still preserved today, because this tradition has existed since ancient times, from the time of our ancestors until now, it has been preserved from generation to generation. like tradition. Begawe, the opening of the pilgrimage, selararan and yasinan. The existence of this tradition has implications for the Sasak community, namely that the community has a stronger sense of solidarity, the community can build its social welfare. And for Hajj pilgrims it will be easy for them to return home.