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The implementation of local democracy in Indonesia faces challenges when the electoral and procedural mechanisms regulated in modern village administration are not fully in line with the socio-cultural traditions of indigenous communities. Many villages still strongly uphold the values, norms, and authority of traditional institutions that have historically regulated communal life, including in terms of leadership legitimacy. Tension between formal democracy and customary values arises when the village political process is perceived as not reflecting the cultural identity of the community. This situation creates a need to understand how the integration of customary institutions can strengthen the legitimacy of village leaders in the local democratic system. This study uses a literature review method with a content analysis approach because the study focuses on the concept of the role of customary institutions in strengthening local democracy and the legitimacy of village leadership. This method allows researchers to explore theories and compare previous findings to form a systematic understanding. The research data comes from 19 secondary sources in the form of scientific books and journal articles published between 2016 and 2025 that are relevant to the themes of customs, village governance, community participation, and local leadership. The search was conducted using the Publish or Perish application with purposive sampling techniques to select sources directly related to the main research issue. This study concludes that the integration of traditional institutions into local democracy produces a model of village leadership that is legally strong and culturally rooted. This integration provides a basis for strengthening local democracy based on cultural wisdom, thereby supporting village development.

The determination of a minimum marriage age is a central issue in Indonesian family law and Islamic legal discourse, particularly regarding the prevention of health, social, and psychological risks associated with child marriage. This study analyzes the alignment between the legal requirement of a minimum age of 19, as stipulated in Law No. 16 of 2019 and Constitutional Court Decision No. 22/PUU-XV/2017, and the framework of maqāṣid sharī‘ah, especially the hierarchical structure of dharuriyyāt, ḥājiyyāt, and taḥsīniyyāt. Employing a normative juridical method supported by extensive literature review, this research examines statutory regulations, classical and contemporary Islamic legal sources, works on maqāṣid, and empirical data from national and international institutions. The findings demonstrate that the minimum age of 19 substantively accords with maqāṣid sharī‘ah: at the dharuriyyāt level, it safeguards life, intellect, and lineage from medical, psychological, and social harm; at the ḥājiyyāt level, it prevents economic hardship, emotional instability, and the inability of young couples to assume household roles; and at the taḥsīniyyāt level, it preserves human dignity, ethical conduct, and the sanctity of marriage. Consequently, the regulation is not a departure from classical Islamic jurisprudence but rather an implementation of public interest (maṣlaḥah) adapted to contemporary societal realities. This study affirms that integrating maqasid-based reasoning into public policy strengthens the protection of families and future generations in Indonesia.

The president's prerogative is a form of power inherent in the president's position as head of state. One form of this prerogative is the granting of abolition, which is the abolition of legal proceedings against a person or group of people who are or will undergo judicial proceedings. However, in its implementation, the president's authority to grant abolition is not absolute, but is limited by the applicable legal provisions and constitutional mechanisms. This study aims to analyze the limits of the president's power in exercising the prerogative in the form of abolition and review the juridical aspects that govern the procedure and its considerations. The research method used is normative juridical research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Data sources are obtained from relevant laws and regulations, legal literature, and scientific works. The results of the study show that the president's authority in granting abolition is regulated in Article 14 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which requires the president to pay attention to the considerations of the House of Representatives (DPR). Thus, this authority is not an absolute prerogative, but is limited by the principle of checks and balances in the Indonesian constitutional system. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that the restriction is a form of constitutional supervision over the use of presidential power to remain in line with the principles of the rule of law and constitutional democracy

This article examines the relationship between Islamic politics and democracy in contemporary Indonesia. As the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, Indonesia presents a distinctive dynamic in the interaction between Islamic values and modern democratic systems. This study aims to analyze how Islamic political actors, including political parties and religious organizations, interact with and adapt to democratic practices in the post-Reform era. The research employs a qualitative method through a literature review of Indonesian academic journals published within the last five years. The findings indicate that Islamic politics in Indonesia is plural and dynamic, showing an adaptive tendency toward democratic principles. Islamic values such as deliberation (shura), justice, and equality are considered compatible with democratic ideals. However, Islamic politics also faces contemporary challenges, including the politicization of religion, identity politics, and social polarization. The article concludes that the relationship between Islamic politics and democracy in Indonesia is dynamic and largely adaptive within the framework of the Pancasila state.

This study aims to explore the trends in the development of scientific publications on beauty privilege, focusing on the growth in the number of articles, citation trends, as well as keyword mapping and the dominant themes emerging in the literature. The method used is a literature review with a descriptive bibliometric approach, referring to the PRISMA model which includes four stages: identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. Data were collected from Google Scholar using the Publish or Perish (PoP) software, with the keyword “beauty privilege.” The analysis results show that the number of publications has increased significantly since 2021, peaking in 2023 and 2024. In terms of citations, 2023 is the most influential year, having the highest number of citations. Keyword analysis using VOSviewer generated seven topic clusters, with dominant keywords such as beauty privilege, body shaming, and social media. The conclusion of this study indicates that the topic of beauty privilege is becoming increasingly relevant and evolving, opening opportunities for further research from various social, cultural, and psychological perspectives.

Corruption cases in Indonesia often involve the recovery of state assets, including properties encumbered by mortgages (hak tanggungan). This research conducts a normative legal analysis on how current law treats such pledged assets when they become objects of state confiscation in corruption crimes. We examine Indonesian legislation (especially the Tipikor Act, TPPU Act, and Mortgage Act), judicial practice, and principles of justice and legal certainty. The Bank Perumda BPR Purworejo case is used as an illustrative case study: here fictitious loans and misused collateral led to state losses of hundreds of millions of rupiah, and investigators seized assets (including four mortgaged properties) as evidence. The analysis finds that existing rules inadequately protect good-faith creditors: courts have noted that a corruption verdict does not automatically erase a prior mortgage lien, and that a certified mortgage confers a preferential right equal to a judgment. In practice, however, law enforcement often seizes all assets of the convict without first verifying third-party rights, creating legal uncertainty and perceived injustice. We argue that fair outcomes require stricter safeguards for creditors (e.g. mandatory review of collateral status before seizure) and consideration of equitable principles. In conclusion, we recommend legal reforms or guidelines to balance the state’s recovery goals with protection of bona fide mortgagees, so as to uphold substantive justice while maintaining legal certainty.

Land conversion associated with renewable energy expansion generates profound socio-cultural transformations in agrarian communities. This study aims to analyze how wind power development reshapes agrarian identity, social capital configuration, and the meaning of land within rural society from an anthropology of development perspective. This research applies qualitative literature-based analysis supported by recent peer-reviewed scholarship on land use change, rural transformation, social capital, and political ecology. Conceptual synthesis integrates sustainable livelihood framework, identity negotiation theory, and energy landscape analysis to construct an interpretive analytical model. Findings indicate that agricultural land conversion produces deagrarianization, occupational shifts, and reconfiguration of social stratification. Land is redefined from a genealogical and productive space into infrastructure and investment asset. Social capital grounded in kinship networks, customary institutions, and local organizations functions as a resilience mechanism through risk redistribution, collective solidarity, and participatory negotiation. Energy landscapes restructure symbolic and material relations between community and territory, generating both hybrid identities and conflict dynamics. Inclusive governance determines whether renewable energy fosters adaptive transformation or deepens commodification and exclusion. Renewable energy transition in rural areas requires socio-cultural recognition beyond technical implementation. Integrating local identity, participatory governance, and community ownership strengthens just and sustainable transformation pathways.

The death of a Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) student allegedly linked to police action raises significant legal issues concerning the limits of the use of force and the construction of criminal liability. This study aims to reformulate the elements of assault resulting in death by integrating the objective element (actus reus) and the subjective element (mens rea) within the framework of the doctrines of dolus and culpa. It also seeks to develop a model of criminal liability analysis that is more transparent, accountable, and oriented toward the protection of a child’s right to life. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by a literature review of legislation, court decisions, and criminal law scholarship. Data are analyzed qualitatively through grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation. The findings indicate that proving the act and the resulting death alone is insufficient without clearly establishing the form of fault. The distinction between dolus eventualis and culpa lata constitutes a decisive factor in determining the classification of the offense and the degree of criminal liability. Ambiguity in identifying the spectrum of fault may lead to sentencing disparities and weaken the principle of geen straf zonder schuld (no punishment without fault). Therefore, this study proposes a reconstruction of the elements of the offense that places proof of mens rea at the center of assessing police accountability while ensuring the protection of the child’s right to life.

This research is grounded in the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the National Criminal Code, which raises normative questions regarding the legal status of gratification within Indonesia’s anti-corruption framework. The study aims to analyze the normative position of gratification following criminal law codification and to assess its implications for evidentiary mechanisms under the Anti-Corruption Law. Employing a normative legal research method, this study applies statutory and conceptual approaches through comprehensive literature review of primary and secondary legal sources. The findings indicate that gratification remains regulated under the Anti-Corruption Law as lex specialis and is not nullified by the National Criminal Code. The reversal of the burden of proof mechanism continues to apply, although its interpretation must align with fundamental criminal law principles such as culpability and proportionality. The study concludes that systematic harmonization between both legal regimes is essential to ensure legal certainty and strengthen anti-corruption enforcement.

This study aims to analyze the regulation and implementation of the authority to test laws and regulations (judicial review) in the Indonesian state system based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study applies a normative juridical method using three main approaches, namely the statute approach, the conceptual approach, and the historical approach. The legal data collected includes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are then reviewed through qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that normatively the division of judicial review authority between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court has been expressly regulated in Article 24A paragraph (1) and Article 24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The Supreme Court is given the authority to test regulations under the law against the law, and the Constitutional Court is given the authority to test laws against the 1945 Constitution. This division of authority is a manifestation of the principle of separation of powers and the mechanism of checks and balances after the third amendment to the 1945 Constitution. However, in practice, this two-roof judicial review system tends to give rise to conceptual and practical problems, such as overlapping authority and differences in decisions between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court which have the potential to create legal uncertainty and reduce public trust in the judicial institution. Therefore, it is necessary to reorganize the authority of judicial review by strengthening coordination between institutions or unifying the authority of judicial review which is centered on one institution only in order to guarantee legal certainty, harmonization of norms, and supremacy of the constitution in the Indonesian state system.  

Competition in the media business is increasingly difficult as the number of online media grow and access to news becomes easier. Each media strives to maintain its existence and remain the public's preferred source of information, including Good News from Indonesia (GNFI). This article discussed GNFI's strategy through the application of search engine optimization (SEO) techniques and the challenges encountered in SEO update. Data were collected through observation, interview, and document review from January to August 2025. The results show that GNFI applied on-page and off-page SEO techniques as a strategy to increase visibility in search engines. The presence of an AI Overview posed a challenge in itself, as it could reduce the number of click view the news portal. The application of SEO techniques was not only a technical optimization strategy but also a form of media adaptation to the changing digital journalism landscape influenced by technological advances. 

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of narcotics rehabilitation for offenders who reoffend after undergoing rehabilitation, using a case study at the Bukittinggi Police Resort (Polresta Bukittinggi) and rehabilitation institutions. This research is motivated by the continued occurrence of narcotics offenders who relapse into criminal behavior despite having completed medical and social rehabilitation programs as mandated by Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics. The research method used is empirical juridical with a qualitative approach through interviews, literature review, and case documentation. Primary data were obtained from investigators at Polresta Bukittinggi and rehabilitation institutions, while secondary data were obtained from laws and regulations as well as relevant literature. The results indicate that the investigation process leading to rehabilitation has been conducted in accordance with applicable procedures through assessment mechanisms by the Integrated Assessment Team (Tim Asesmen Terpadu). However, the effectiveness of rehabilitation in preventing recidivism remains suboptimal, as evidenced by offenders who return to narcotics abuse after completing rehabilitation programs. This suggests that rehabilitation programs require continuous supervision and more comprehensive approaches, including medical, psychological, and social aspects, to minimize the risk of relapse among former narcotics abusers.

This study aims to analyze the investigation process involving children as perpetrators of trafficking in persons at the Women and Children Protection Unit (PPA) of Bukittinggi Police Resort and to assess the forms of legal protection provided at each stage of the examination. This research applies an empirical juridical approach by combining literature review and field research through interviews with investigators and related parties. The findings indicate that the investigation process has been conducted in accordance with Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, while upholding the principle of the best interests of the child. Legal protection is implemented through legal assistance, closed hearings, limited detention periods, and coordination with relevant institutions to support the child’s recovery and rehabilitation. However, several obstacles remain, including the limited number of investigators, restricted investigation timeframes, and difficulties in presenting witnesses. This study concludes that legal protection for children involved as perpetrators of trafficking in persons has been carried out in line with normative regulations, yet it requires strengthened institutional capacity and inter-agency coordination to ensure more effective implementation.

Efforts to protect children in conflict with the law constitute a concrete manifestation of the state’s responsibility in implementing the principles of restorative justice. This study aims to comprehensively examine the implementation process of diversion at the Pengadilan Negeri Bukittinggi and to assess the extent to which its application achieves the primary objective of the juvenile criminal justice system, namely restoring the child’s social condition without emphasizing retribution. This research employs an empirical juridical approach by combining literature review and field research through interviews with judges, court clerks, and other relevant parties. The findings indicate that the implementation of diversion at the Pengadilan Negeri Bukittinggi has been carried out in accordance with Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. The diversion process is conducted through deliberation involving the offender, the victim, their respective families, and supporting institutions under the guidance of a diversion facilitator. However, several challenges remain, including limited public understanding of the importance of restorative-based settlement, insufficient human resources with adequate competence in implementing diversion, and frequent failures in reaching agreements between offenders and victims. This study concludes that diversion in court proceedings is not merely a legal obligation but also an essential instrument in creating a more humane child-oriented justice system. Therefore, enhancing the competence of law enforcement officers and strengthening inter-agency coordination are necessary to support the sustainable success of diversion.

This article examines Indonesia’s public policy on personal data protection in light of Law No. 27/2022, which mandates the establishment of an independent Personal Data Protection Authority (PDP Authority). Despite this legal requirement (Article 58 UU PDP), no such institution has been formed. As a result, there is currently no supervisory authority with the mandate to audit compliance, impose administrative sanctions, or resolve data protection disputes. Enforcement of the law has thus remained reactive rather than preventive, with violations prosecuted only after harm occurs. Experts warn that without a strong implementing agency, deterrence is weak: administrative sanctions cannot be effectively applied and punished violations continue unchecked. Cybersecurity analysts even describe this gap as a national digital protection crisis, as personal data leaks (e.g. millions of citizens’ records exposed in recent breaches) continue unabated. Using a normative legal research approach and literature review, this study analyzes how the lack of the mandated PDP Authority undermines the effectiveness of data protection in Indonesia. The article reviews relevant legal theory on regulatory independence and deterrence, and compares with international best practices (e.g. EU/GDPR). We find that the absence of the agency creates serious implementation gaps, and we urge the government to immediately form the PDP Authority and clarify its powers.

This study is motivated by the increasing complexity of financing coordination between the National Health Insurance (BPJS Kesehatan) and supplementary health insurance providers under the Coordination of Benefits (KAPJ) scheme, which creates potential claim disputes and administrative risks for hospitals. Although Minister of Health Decree No. HK.01.07/MENKES/1117/2025 regulates payment allocation and membership verification mechanisms, it does not explicitly recognize pre-admission confirmation as a preventive legal protection instrument. This research aims to analyze the normative position of pre-admission confirmation within the KAPJ framework, conceptualize it as a preventive legal protection mechanism, and formulate a proportional implementation model. The study employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches through literature review of relevant regulations and scholarly works. The findings indicate that pre-admission confirmation possesses implicit normative legitimacy through membership verification obligations and system integration requirements, and functions as a risk allocation mechanism that clarifies payment responsibilities prior to service delivery. Its implementation enhances legal certainty, reduces fraud potential, and minimizes claim disputes, provided that access to emergency medical services remains guaranteed.

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of theft committed by 15-year-old adolescents in market environments, which creates tension between criminal law enforcement and the principle of child protection in the Indonesian legal system. The study aims to analyze the legal regulations of theft under the old Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 1946), the new Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023), and the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law; to examine the criminal liability of adolescents from the perspective of criminal law theory; and to review the implementation of restorative justice and diversion. The research method used is normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, particularly reviewing the provisions of Article 591 of the new Criminal Code, the theory of fault, and the principle of proportionality. The results indicate that the criminal liability of children must take into account psychological limitations, maturity levels, and criminogenic factors, including the influence of the social environment. Furthermore, the mens rea element in the phrase "known or reasonably suspected" is difficult to apply in practice to transactions involving small losses, as price reasonableness can obscure indications of malicious intent. This finding affirms that imposing criminal penalties on children in cases of petty theft potentially contradicts the principles of ultimum remedium and proportionality. Therefore, law enforcement should prioritize diversion, mediation, and restorative justice approaches by involving families and communities to achieve substantive justice and prevent excessive criminalization of children.

The phenomenon of authority trap occurs when local governments are burdened with achieving SDG 7 (“Affordable and Clean Energy”) targets without being granted adequate authority and resources. This study examines the context of West Java Province and Bandung City, which face complex clean energy governance due to fragmented authority across levels of government. At the national level, Government Regulation No. 40/2025 reinforces emission reduction and the transition toward Net-Zero Emissions by 2060. West Java has established RUED No. 2/2019, which sets a minimum renewable energy share of 17% by 2025. However, the technical responsibilities for implementation (such as electrification and energy conservation) lie at the regency/municipal level. The analysis highlights fiscal disparities, PLN’s dominance, and national regulations that override local authority. Local innovations such as rooftop solar PV, solar-powered street lighting, the Green Building Mayor Regulation, and PPP schemes are evaluated for their effectiveness. This qualitative study combines policy document analysis and literature review. The findings show that the absence of strong local regulation (regulatory void) and the central dominance of PLN reinforce the authority trap, hindering synergy among stakeholders. The recommendations emphasize strengthening institutional collaboration, aligning local and national regulatory frameworks, and promoting innovative financing mechanisms to enable Bandung City to break free from the authority trap in achieving SDG 7 targets.

This study explores the implementation of interpersonal communication between tutors and students in speaking class activities at the Kind English Course by applying DeVito’s Interpersonal Communication Theory. Interpersonal communication plays a vital role in English language learning, especially in speaking classes where real-time interaction directly shapes students’ engagement and learning outcomes. Using a qualitative literature review method, this research examines how the five key components of interpersonal communication—openness, empathy, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality—are applied within instructional practices. The analysis reveals that tutors who demonstrate openness and empathy foster stronger emotional connections with students, which encourages them to speak more confidently. Supportive and positive communication behaviors further create a safe and motivating learning environment where students feel valued and understood. Additionally, the principle of equality helps reduce hierarchical barriers, enabling more collaborative and interactive learning dynamics. Overall, the findings indicate that the consistent application of interpersonal communication principles significantly enhances students’ participation, confidence, and speaking proficiency. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how communication quality influences language learning and underscores the importance of interpersonal competence among tutors in developing effective and engaging speaking class experiences.

Modern conflict has evolved into the cyber domain as part of hybrid warfare, demanding a reinterpretation of the Sishankamrata (Total People's Defense and Security System) doctrine to encompass the digital realm. This study aims to analyze the integration of cyber defense into the Sishankamrata framework using a literature review and comparative analysis with the cyber defense strategies of the United States, Estonia, and Singapore. The results indicate that the implementation of Sishankamrata in the cyber domain faces challenges regarding inter-institutional synergy and unclear operational roles for the Reserve and Support Components. Based on the comparative analysis, Estonia's Cyber Defence Unit model and Singapore's Digital Defence pillar are identified as the most effective blueprints for Indonesia to mobilize civilian experts and enhance social resilience. This study recommends that the government formalize "Digital Defense" as an integral pillar of Sishankamrata, establish a Cyber Reserve Component consisting of expert civilian volunteers, and strengthen legal frameworks and public digital literacy as a form of state defense