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The establishment of national territorial boundaries is a strategic priority to safeguard sovereignty, maintain security stability, and strengthen bilateral relations between Indonesia and Malaysia as well as Timor-Leste. As of 2024, there remain nine Outstanding Boundary Problems (OBP) with Malaysia and two unresolved segments with Timor-Leste. These issues stem from the continued relevance of outdated colonial agreements, limited diplomatic capacity, weak inter-agency coordination, and minimal support from modern surveying technology. Based on an analysis of four policy alternatives using the criteria of effectiveness, efficiency, and long-term impact, the Strengthening of Intensive Bilateral Diplomacy has been identified as the priority policy. Implementation is directed to the Badan Nasional Pengelola Perbatasan (BNPP) as the main coordinator, supported by regulatory frameworks, diplomatic resources, and cross-ministerial/institutional coordination. Through this strategy, the resolution of pending boundary segments can be accelerated, legal certainty over national territory can be strengthened, security stability in border areas can be improved, and bilateral relations can become closer. Furthermore, Indonesia needs to strengthen diplomatic strategies, leverage technology, and enhance inter-agency coordination to accelerate the resolution of national border disputes. This policy directly contributes to achieving territorial sovereignty and sustainable development toward Indonesia Vision 2045.

The determination of a minimum marriage age is a central issue in Indonesian family law and Islamic legal discourse, particularly regarding the prevention of health, social, and psychological risks associated with child marriage. This study analyzes the alignment between the legal requirement of a minimum age of 19, as stipulated in Law No. 16 of 2019 and Constitutional Court Decision No. 22/PUU-XV/2017, and the framework of maqāṣid sharī‘ah, especially the hierarchical structure of dharuriyyāt, ḥājiyyāt, and taḥsīniyyāt. Employing a normative juridical method supported by extensive literature review, this research examines statutory regulations, classical and contemporary Islamic legal sources, works on maqāṣid, and empirical data from national and international institutions. The findings demonstrate that the minimum age of 19 substantively accords with maqāṣid sharī‘ah: at the dharuriyyāt level, it safeguards life, intellect, and lineage from medical, psychological, and social harm; at the ḥājiyyāt level, it prevents economic hardship, emotional instability, and the inability of young couples to assume household roles; and at the taḥsīniyyāt level, it preserves human dignity, ethical conduct, and the sanctity of marriage. Consequently, the regulation is not a departure from classical Islamic jurisprudence but rather an implementation of public interest (maṣlaḥah) adapted to contemporary societal realities. This study affirms that integrating maqasid-based reasoning into public policy strengthens the protection of families and future generations in Indonesia.

Illegal logging is a serious environmental problem in Indonesia due to its direct impact on forest destruction, biodiversity loss, and increased carbon emissions. The Indonesian government has established various public policies and legal instruments to address illegal logging practices, such as the Forestry Law, the licensing system, and strengthening law enforcement agencies. However, the effectiveness of these policies remains a concern, given that illegal logging cases continue to occur in various regions. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of public policies in enforcing environmental law, focusing on illegal logging cases in Indonesia. The method used in this study is a normative juridical approach by examining regulations, government policies, and secondary data from reports from relevant institutions and previous research results. Analysis shows that despite comprehensive public policy design, its implementation still faces various obstacles, such as weak oversight, poor coordination between institutions, limited human resources, and corrupt practices. Furthermore, social and economic factors in communities surrounding forests also influence the success of environmental law enforcement. Therefore, strengthening law enforcement agencies, transparency and accountability, and active community involvement in forest management are essential. With these improvements, public policy is expected to be more effective in preventing and combating illegal logging for the sake of environmental sustainability in Indonesia.

Air quality in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta has shown a concerning decline in recent years, largely due to high emissions from motor vehicles as the main source of pollution in urban areas. The Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta issued Governor Regulation Number 66 of 2020 concerning Exhaust Emission Testing for Motor Vehicles as a public policy instrument aimed at controlling air pollution. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the regulation from a public policy perspective and to identify supporting and inhibiting factors in its execution. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by qualitative analysis of policy documents and reports on the implementation of emission testing. The results reveal that the implementation of the regulation has not been optimal due to limited emission testing infrastructure, low levels of public awareness and socialization, and inconsistent enforcement of administrative sanctions. Nevertheless, there are opportunities to improve policy effectiveness through strengthened inter-agency coordination, digitalization of monitoring systems, and increased environmental literacy among the public. Therefore, the success of emission control policy implementation is highly dependent on resource support, regulatory consistency, and community awareness, necessitating a comprehensive and continuous multi-stakeholder improvement strategy and stronger commitment.

This study, entitled "Value Added Tax Fairness in Samarinda City," analyzes the fairness of the 11% VAT rate under Law No. 7 of 2021 using socio-legal methods. The results show that although the single 11% VAT rate meets the principles of legality and horizontal justice because it applies equally to all consumers, this policy is not entirely fair from a vertical justice perspective. The regressive nature of the consumption tax tends to place a greater burden on low-income households. Field findings reveal that MSMEs feel burdened because the rate does not take into account their economic capacity, coupled with a lack of understanding of the input and output tax credit mechanisms. Administrative complexity and minimal education from tax authorities contribute to low compliance rates. This study recommends the implementation of a more flexible tiered VAT rate, strengthening tax education, providing technical assistance, and simplifying reporting for MSMEs to improve compliance and create more equitable tax justice.  

This study examines the Hybrid Model of Restorative Justice from a comparative perspective between Civil Law and Common Law systems as a reflection of the transformation of criminal law policy. The Civil Law system, rooted in legal positivism, emphasizes formal legal certainty through codification, whereas the Common Law system allows broader judicial discretion and judge-made law. These differing paradigms significantly influence the development and implementation of restorative justice. Indonesia, as a Civil Law country, has demonstrated a shift toward a hybrid legal policy by incorporating Common Law values into its criminal justice reforms, particularly through the National Criminal Code. This research employs a normative juridical method using conceptual, statutory, and comparative law approaches. The findings indicate that the Hybrid Model of Restorative Justice represents a strategic legal policy choice aimed at harmonizing legal certainty and substantive justice in accordance with the Pancasila legal ideals.

Discretion exercised by election management bodies constitutes an administrative instrument that is functionally necessary to prevent stagnation in electoral processes under conditions of legal vacuum, normative ambiguity, or extraordinary circumstances. However, in practice, discretionary decisions often generate public concern and expose election officials to the risk of criminalization, particularly when such discretion is assessed through a formalistic and result oriented criminal law paradigm. This study aims to analyze the construction of criminal liability of election administrators for the use of discretion in conditions of electoral stagnation, by examining the paradigm shift from the old Indonesian Criminal Code to the new Criminal Code and its implications for criminal law enforcement under the Criminal Procedure Code. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings reveal that the old Criminal Code tended to facilitate policy criminalization by emphasizing formal violations and objective consequences, whereas the new Criminal Code introduces a substantive approach centered on subjective fault, official purpose, and rationality of action. Nevertheless, the lack of synchronization with the Criminal Procedure Code which remains focused on conventional evidentiary standards causes discretionary actions of election administrators to remain legally ambiguous. Therefore, harmonization between substantive criminal law and criminal procedure law, along with a transformation in law enforcement reasoning, is essential to ensure that discretion exercised by election officials is assessed proportionally, contextually, and in line with democratic principles.

Disputes over unpaid insurance claims are a problem that frequently arises in insurance practice and can harm consumers both financially and psychologically, while also reducing public trust in the insurance industry. Such disputes are generally triggered by differing interpretations of policy provisions, alleged breaches of the good-faith principle, and administrative obstacles, which ultimately lead to civil conflicts between the insured and the insurer. To provide access to dispute resolution that is faster, fairer, and more affordable than litigation, the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan/OJK) established the Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution for the Financial Services Sector (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan/LAPS SJK) through OJK Regulation No. 61/POJK.07/2020. This study aims to analyze the mechanism for resolving disputes over unpaid insurance claims through LAPS SJK and to assess its effectiveness in providing legal protection and legal certainty for consumers. The research method employed is normative legal research using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, through an examination of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials related to contracts, insurance, consumer protection, and alternative dispute resolution. The findings show that LAPS SJK has the authority to handle civil disputes in the financial services sector, including insurance disputes, provided that the parties have a written agreement and have first pursued internal dispute resolution (Internal Dispute Resolution/IDR). Dispute resolution at LAPS SJK is conducted through mediation and arbitration. Mediation is facilitated by a mediator to encourage the parties to reach a settlement agreement, which may be reinforced into a Deed of Settlement (Akta Perdamaian) that is final, binding, and enforceable. If mediation fails, arbitration offers a more determinative resolution through a final and binding award that can be enforced after being registered with the District Court. Overall, LAPS SJK is considered effective because its procedures are structured, time-bound, and provide a fee waiver for mediation in retail and small-claim cases up to IDR 750,000,000. However, its effectiveness remains conditional, as it depends on the existence of a written agreement between the parties, the obligation to undergo IDR, and good faith in the mediation process.

The implementation of a reward and punishment system is considered capable of improving employee work discipline. Rewards are given to encourage employee morale, while punishments are given as a reminder of the consequences of misconduct. This study aims to describe the implementation of the reward and punishment system in the Civil Service. Through a qualitative approach with in-depth observation, structured interviews with employees, and documentation studies. The results of the study found that the implementation of the reward and punishment system has been carried out well, with rewards given based on the level of discipline and performance of employees, while punishments are given based on the type of violation committed. The rewards given include Additional Employee Income, the Satyalancana Karya Satya award, exemplary employee awards, internship certificates, and retirement awards. Meanwhile, the punishments given include verbal warnings, written warnings, deductions from Additional Employee Income, and severe sanctions for employees with serious violations.  

This study analyzes the juridical issues related to the implementation of criminal sanctions below the statutory minimum, as reflected in Cassation Decision Number 7853/K/Pid.Sus/2024. The focus of this research centers on the tension between the rigid provisions of Article 111 paragraph (1) of Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning narcotics and the reality of judicial practice, which often deviates from these provisions. This phenomenon raises debates regarding the extent to which the principle of legality can be compromised in pursuit of justice without undermining the pillar of legal certainty within Indonesia’s criminal justice system. Using a normative legal research method with a statutory and case study approach, this study qualitatively analyzes judges’ considerations. The findings indicate that, although the policy of imposing sentences below the minimum carries the risk of creating legal uncertainty, the Supreme Court in this case reinterpreted the principle of legality. Judges tend to prioritize proportionality and substantive justice to avoid purely mechanical punishment. The study concludes that, while judicial discretion represents a concrete expression of judicial independence, such practice requires clearer normative parameters. Without explicit regulation, deviations from the statutory minimum risk widening disparities in judicial decisions. Therefore, standardized sentencing guidelines are necessary to preserve legal integrity while maintaining a sense of justice for defendants.

The phenomenon of recidivism in narcotics crimes indicates that the rehabilitation and punishment approaches applied have not been fully able to prevent recurrence of crimes. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of law enforcement against recidivists in narcotics crimes in two court decisions, namely Decision Number 154/Pid.Sus/2018/PN Yyk and Decision Number 51/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Tte. Case studies are used to assess the effectiveness of law enforcement, especially against perpetrators who have previously undergone rehabilitation but have re-committed crimes with more complex roles. This study uses a normative legal method with a statutory approach and a case approach, which are analyzed qualitatively based on law enforcement theory and the objectives of punishment. The results show that normatively there are regulations on rehabilitation and increased sentences for recidivists, but their effectiveness is not optimal, partly due to the lack of post-rehabilitation regulations that are expressly regulated in the law and the lack of integrated data systems between rehabilitation institutions and the courts. This condition causes rehabilitation to not fully function as a preventive instrument against recurrence of crimes. This study recommends strengthening post-rehabilitation regulations and integrating information systems between agencies as part of a more preventive and sustainable criminal law policy reform.

This study aims to identify and analyze customary and criminal sanctions imposed on individuals who violate Hinting Pali during the Tiwah ceremony, as well as the legal and customary consequences for those engaged in gambling within the ritual process. The research employs an empirical approach with a qualitative descriptive method through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The focus of this study is the implementation of Dayak Ngaju customary law in addressing violations that occur during the Tiwah ceremony. The findings reveal that Dayak Ngaju customary law plays a crucial role in maintaining social and spiritual harmony by enforcing moral, social, and symbolic sanctions. Furthermore, there is a point of convergence between customary law and national criminal law in promoting justice and social order. This study is expected to contribute academically to the development of customary law in Indonesia and serve as a valuable reference for communities, scholars, and policymakers in preserving cultural values and ensuring fair law enforcement within the framework of local wisdom.

This article examines Indonesia’s public policy on personal data protection in light of Law No. 27/2022, which mandates the establishment of an independent Personal Data Protection Authority (PDP Authority). Despite this legal requirement (Article 58 UU PDP), no such institution has been formed. As a result, there is currently no supervisory authority with the mandate to audit compliance, impose administrative sanctions, or resolve data protection disputes. Enforcement of the law has thus remained reactive rather than preventive, with violations prosecuted only after harm occurs. Experts warn that without a strong implementing agency, deterrence is weak: administrative sanctions cannot be effectively applied and punished violations continue unchecked. Cybersecurity analysts even describe this gap as a national digital protection crisis, as personal data leaks (e.g. millions of citizens’ records exposed in recent breaches) continue unabated. Using a normative legal research approach and literature review, this study analyzes how the lack of the mandated PDP Authority undermines the effectiveness of data protection in Indonesia. The article reviews relevant legal theory on regulatory independence and deterrence, and compares with international best practices (e.g. EU/GDPR). We find that the absence of the agency creates serious implementation gaps, and we urge the government to immediately form the PDP Authority and clarify its powers.

The rapid development of e-commerce has significantly increased the participation of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the digital economy, particularly through the use of pre-order transaction schemes. Although Indonesia has established a relatively comprehensive legal framework for consumer protection and electronic transactions, pre-order transactions involving MSME products remain highly vulnerable to fraud. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal regulation and implementation of consumer protection in pre-order transactions conducted through e-commerce platforms, to identify legal, institutional, and social factors contributing to consumer vulnerability, and to examine the role of the state and e-commerce platform providers in strengthening consumer protection as a public policy. This research employs a normative legal research method with a prescriptive-analytical character, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings reveal that existing consumer protection mechanisms remain partial and predominantly reactive, as they do not specifically accommodate the inherent risks of pre-order transactions nor are they supported by preventive supervision and enforcement mechanisms. Consumer vulnerability arises from the interaction between regulatory gaps, institutional limitations, and social conditions such as information asymmetry and low legal and digital literacy. Accordingly, this study emphasizes the necessity of a synergistic role between the state and e-commerce platforms in developing and implementing consumer protection policies oriented toward substantive justice and fraud prevention in the digital economy.

The enforcement of election criminal law plays a crucial role in safeguarding democratic integrity and upholding the principle of popular sovereignty. Law Number 7 of 2017 establishes the Integrated Law Enforcement Center (Sentra Gakkumdu) as a coordinated mechanism involving the Election Supervisory Body, the Police, and the Prosecution Service in addressing election crimes. However, in practice, the Gakkumdu system has not fully ensured a balanced realization of legal certainty, substantive justice, and legal utility. This study aims to analyze the problems of election criminal law enforcement within the Gakkumdu system, examine the relevance of the Restorative Justice approach in election law, and formulate a reconstruction of election criminal law enforcement based on this approach. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, legal philosophy, and legal policy approaches. The findings indicate that the weaknesses in election criminal law enforcement arise from institutional fragmentation, normative ambiguity, and a legal culture dominated by legalistic and sectoral perspectives. The Restorative Justice approach is considered relevant as it prioritizes substantive justice and the restoration of democratic values. Therefore, reconstructing election criminal law enforcement based on Restorative Justice is essential to strengthening democratic legitimacy and public trust in elections in Indonesia.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Indonesia has undergone a paradigmatic shift from voluntary philanthropic activities to a legally binding obligation grounded in various statutory regulations, particularly Law Number 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies and Law Number 25 of 2007 on Investment. This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing CSR in Indonesia from a public policy perspective, to evaluate the implementation of CSR by corporations, and to identify normative and empirical constraints that hinder the optimization of CSR as an instrument of sustainable development. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, case-based, and policy analysis approaches. The findings indicate that CSR regulation remains partial in nature, primarily due to the limitation of mandatory obligations to specific sectors, the absence of clear and enforceable sanctions, and the lack of national standards for reporting and oversight.

This study analyzes the implementation of cultural preservation policies in Lebak Regency in the context of the Seren Taun tradition as part of efforts to maintain local wisdom and sustainable development. The approach used is qualitative with a case study method, through interviews, observations, and documentation studies of local governments, traditional leaders, and the Kasepuhan Citorek community. Data analysis was carried out using the Miles and Huberman model, including data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that the implementation of cultural preservation policies in Lebak has been regulated through Regent Regulation Number 435 of 2022 concerning Regional Cultural Promotion, which emphasizes the importance of indigenous peoples' participation. The implementation of this policy is analyzed using Edwards III's theory, which includes communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The Seren Taun tradition has proven to play an important role in strengthening cultural identity, fostering social solidarity, maintaining food security, and teaching ecological awareness. However, challenges such as budget constraints, low cultural documentation, and shifting values of the younger generation remain major obstacles. This research emphasizes that synergy between the government, customary institutions, and communities is the key to the success of sustainable and inclusive cultural preservation in Lebak Regency.

The phenomenon of authority trap occurs when local governments are burdened with achieving SDG 7 (“Affordable and Clean Energy”) targets without being granted adequate authority and resources. This study examines the context of West Java Province and Bandung City, which face complex clean energy governance due to fragmented authority across levels of government. At the national level, Government Regulation No. 40/2025 reinforces emission reduction and the transition toward Net-Zero Emissions by 2060. West Java has established RUED No. 2/2019, which sets a minimum renewable energy share of 17% by 2025. However, the technical responsibilities for implementation (such as electrification and energy conservation) lie at the regency/municipal level. The analysis highlights fiscal disparities, PLN’s dominance, and national regulations that override local authority. Local innovations such as rooftop solar PV, solar-powered street lighting, the Green Building Mayor Regulation, and PPP schemes are evaluated for their effectiveness. This qualitative study combines policy document analysis and literature review. The findings show that the absence of strong local regulation (regulatory void) and the central dominance of PLN reinforce the authority trap, hindering synergy among stakeholders. The recommendations emphasize strengthening institutional collaboration, aligning local and national regulatory frameworks, and promoting innovative financing mechanisms to enable Bandung City to break free from the authority trap in achieving SDG 7 targets.

This research analyzes the Indonesian government’s policy responses to combating Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in the Arafura Sea during 2023-2024, focusing on the case of the Run Zeng 03 and Run Zeng 05 vessels. These foreign-flagged vessels, owned by a Chinese company but registered under the Russian flag, were involved in illegal fishing and human rights violations against Indonesian fishery crew members. Using a qualitative descriptive approach supported by literature studies and official government data, this research analyzes how Indonesia implemented its maritime sovereignty through legal enforcement, inter-agency coordination, and international maritime diplomacy. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s measures, such as vessel monitoring AIS/VMS technology, law enforcement through arrests and seizures, and diplomatic engagement with flag states reflect a progressive but still reactive approach. The study identifies key challenges, including limited foreign authorities. This research highlights the need for an integrated policy framework that combines hard power (law enforcement and patrols) with soft power (international cooperation, economic diplomacy, and labor protection). The study concludes that a comprehensive and collaborative approach is essential to strengthen maritime governance and ensure sustainable, equitable management of Indonesia’s marine resources.

Although JKN aims to provide equitable and quality health services, fraudulent practices, such as phantom billing and diagnosis manipulation, continue to grow, harming BPJS Kesehatan and participants. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of legal sanctions against JKN claim fraud in FKRTL and identify gaps in their implementation. Although regulations are in place, law enforcement remains weak, with administrative sanctions failing to provide sufficient deterrence. The gap in this research lies in the lack of application of criminal sanctions in fraud cases, especially in existing regulations. The novelty of this research is its comparative approach between current administrative sanctions and the potential application of criminal sanctions in the context of healthcare fraud. The research method uses a normative-descriptive approach, analyzing regulations and fraud audit results, and identifying gaps in the implementation of legal sanctions. The results of the study indicate that strengthening criminal sanctions and integrating technology in claim monitoring can increase the effectiveness of fraud prevention. These findings are expected to strengthen regulations and improve the integrity of the JKN system, as well as provide policy recommendations for more effective law enforcement.