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Indonesia's maritime security faces increasingly complex challenges due to the rise of hybrid threats that combine traditional and non-traditional elements. One of the main threats is the shadow fleet, operating covertly with unregistered ships, evading detection, and exploiting weaknesses in maritime surveillance to engage in illegal activities such as smuggling, illegal transshipment, and unlawful exploitation of natural resources. This phenomenon exacerbates Indonesia's maritime security situation, particularly in strategic areas like the Natuna Sea and the Sunda Strait, which are vulnerable to geopolitical conflicts and overlapping territorial claims. Additionally, transnational crimes such as piracy, drug trafficking, and human trafficking further undermine security in Indonesian waters. To address these threats, Indonesia needs to strengthen its maritime surveillance capacity by adopting advanced technologies such as early detection sistems and the Automatic Identification Sistem (AIS), as well as enhancing coordination between maritime agencies like Bakamla and the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) to improve responses to harder-to-detect threats. Moreover, international cooperation with neighboring countries and regional maritime organizations like ASEAN must be bolstered to tackle cross-border threats. Strengthening surveillance, modernizing technology, and fostering more integrative maritime diplomacy will be crucial in safeguarding Indonesia's maritime sovereignty and ensuring the stability of this increasingly strategic maritime region.

This research analyzes the Indonesian government’s policy responses to combating Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in the Arafura Sea during 2023-2024, focusing on the case of the Run Zeng 03 and Run Zeng 05 vessels. These foreign-flagged vessels, owned by a Chinese company but registered under the Russian flag, were involved in illegal fishing and human rights violations against Indonesian fishery crew members. Using a qualitative descriptive approach supported by literature studies and official government data, this research analyzes how Indonesia implemented its maritime sovereignty through legal enforcement, inter-agency coordination, and international maritime diplomacy. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s measures, such as vessel monitoring AIS/VMS technology, law enforcement through arrests and seizures, and diplomatic engagement with flag states reflect a progressive but still reactive approach. The study identifies key challenges, including limited foreign authorities. This research highlights the need for an integrated policy framework that combines hard power (law enforcement and patrols) with soft power (international cooperation, economic diplomacy, and labor protection). The study concludes that a comprehensive and collaborative approach is essential to strengthen maritime governance and ensure sustainable, equitable management of Indonesia’s marine resources.

State institutions play a primary role in governing and exercising power within a country. Indonesia, as a unitary state with a republican system, regulates the state's institutional structure through the 1945 Constitution, which serves as the supreme legal basis and guideline for state administration. The function of state institutions is to ensure that all aspects of government are implemented in accordance with the principles of law, justice, and public welfare. The state is not only considered a legal entity but also a social entity with specific functions and logic. The state's objectives are directed at balancing government power and citizen rights and accommodating the interests of individuals and the wider community. Following the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, Indonesia's institutional system underwent significant changes with the establishment of independent institutions that strengthen democracy, transparency, and accountability. Understanding the state's foundations, the requirements for formation, the form and system of government, and the relationships between institutions is crucial for maintaining Indonesia's constitutional order. Furthermore, public respect for state symbols and institutions contributes to strengthening unity and political stability, and realizing the ideals of a sovereign and prosperous nation.

This study aims to analyze the meaning of interfaith marriage in the film Komang using Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic theory. This theory emphasizes the relationship between signifier and signified as well as the concepts of langue and parole to explain the interaction between social systems and individual expression. The results of the analysis show that the visual, verbal, and symbolic signs in the film represent the clash between love and belief. Scenes such as the initial meeting at a cultural festival, family rejection, and symbolic marriage become a form of negotiation between social values and personal freedom. This film affirms that interfaith marriage in Indonesia can only be accepted through compromise with the religious norms of the majority, but still presents a message of tolerance through symbols of cultural harmony. Therefore, the film Komang is not just a romantic narrative, but a social reflection on the relationship between religion, culture, and love in a pluralistic society.

This study examines Banten Lama as a political symbol that shapes regional identity in Banten Province. As the former center of the Banten Sultanate from the 16th to the 18th century, the site holds not only historical and religious significance but also functions as a symbolic space influencing political legitimacy and the construction of collective identity in contemporary Banten society. Using a qualitative approach with a case study design, this research analyzes how local government, political elites, and communities negotiate the symbolic meanings of Banten Lama through ritual practices, public discourse, and revitalization policies. Data were collected through literature review, non-participatory observation, visual documentation, and examination of policy documents. The findings reveal that Banten Lama operates as a symbolic arena that intertwines historical narratives, Islamic spirituality, and political interests. The government employs symbols of the former sultanate to construct moral legitimacy and a religious political image, while local communities interpret Banten Lama as a spiritual space and a source of economic livelihood. Although the use of historical symbols strengthens regional identity, it also gives rise to symbolic politics that often dominate public space without being accompanied by substantive policy outcomes. This study concludes that the governance of Banten Lama requires participatory and culturally grounded approaches to ensure the sustainable preservation of its historical and social values.

Symbolic interactionism is an approach that examines how symbols and meanings are created through interactions between individuals within a learning context. This approach explores how individuals use symbols to communicate, interact, and understand the world around them. In the context of the learning process, symbolic interactionist analysis can provide a deep understanding of how learning occurs through interactions between teachers and students, as well as among students themselves. Through this analysis, we can observe how symbols such as language, gestures, and expressions are used to communicate ideas and concepts being taught in the classroom. Additionally, symbolic interactionist analysis can also help us understand how individuals construct their identities within the learning environment. In the modern era of education, the interaction between teachers and students has become one of the crucial aspects of the learning process. Through social interaction and the use of symbols, individuals can shape their perceptions of themselves and how they are viewed by others. This can affect their motivation and engagement in learning. Thus, symbolic interactionist analysis offers valuable insights into understanding the learning process and how interactions between individuals play a key role in the construction of meaning and understanding. Through this understanding, we can improve the quality of learning and provide more meaningful learning experiences for students. Communication does not only occur through words but also through nonverbal communication, including facial expressions, body movements, and other gestures. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how symbolic interactionism plays a role in learning and how nonverbal communication influences the dynamics of classroom interaction.

Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) play a crucial role in the nation's economy, as shown by their participation in overseas employment and the remittances they send back. Nevertheless, PMI frequently encounter challenges such as abuse, exploitation, breaches of contracts, and limited access to legal protections. The comprehensive legal structure designed to ensure their inclusive safety before, during, and after their employment is laid out in Law No. 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers. This research aims to analyze the actual practice of legal protections available to PMI, in light of statutory requirements, and to highlight any obstacles encountered in its application. A normative legal research method is used in this study, employing both legislative and theoretical frameworks, and it is informed by relevant academic literature, laws, and judicial rulings. The findings reveal that while Law No. 18 of 2017 outlines thorough protection protocols, its real-world execution faces hurdles such as insufficient oversight, poor cooperation among agencies, and a general lack of legal knowledge among PMI. Consequently, it is essential to enhance institutions, elevate the quality of protective services, and maximize the effectiveness of Indonesian representatives abroad. This study aims to contribute to the development of more equitable and efficient regulations for the safeguarding of migrant workers.

The film Home Sweet Loan depicts the reality of the lives of young people who face economic and psychological pressures due to the double burden of family. The character of Kaluna represents the sandwich generation, a generation that must meet the needs of both generations, parents and the nuclear family. This study aims to analyze the meaning of denotation, connotation, and myth in this film, as well as how the representation of the sandwich generation is formed through narrative and visual symbols. The approach used is Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis, which divides meaning into three levels: denotative, connotative, and myth. Data were obtained through observation of the film, visual documentation and dialogue, and interviews with semiotics experts and film practitioners. The results show that the film Home Sweet Loan presents a layered meaning that reflects the dilemma of the sandwich generation, especially young women. The representation of the sandwich generation is formed through symbols and narratives that highlight the conflict between personal interests and responsibilities to the family. This film not only reflects reality but also functions as an ideological medium that shapes society's perspective on the role of the younger generation in the modern family. Through the character of Kaluna, the film depicts the pressures experienced by individuals in this position, including the challenge of maintaining a balance between personal ambition and obligations to the family. Thus, this film conveys a message about the importance of balancing personal interests and social demands within the family.

Guardianship has an important role in supervising minors, including the management of their parents' inherited property as stipulated in Article 51 paragraph (3) of the Marriage Law. However, the practice shows that there is an abuse of authority by the guardian, who controls and even transfers inheritance not for the benefit of the child. This research aims to examine the legal consequences of the transfer of the inheritance of minors to guardians as well as the forms of legal protection available, with a case study of the Banten High Court Decision Number 89/Pdt/2015/PT BTN. The method used is normative legal research with legislative, conceptual, analytical, and case approaches, and uses legal consequences theory from R. Soeroso and legal protection theory from Satjipto Rahardjo. The results of the study show that the control of property by the guardian can cause the loss or escape of the child's inheritance, especially if there is no strict supervision and regulation. Therefore, it is necessary to affirm the legal status of children's inheritances, regulate the authority of guardians more strictly, and apply effective legal sanctions to prevent abuse. The litigation route is an important instrument in legal protection so that children can regain their rights fairly. This research contributes to strengthening the guardianship legal system in Indonesia, especially in the context of protecting children's rights to inheritance.

The rapid growth of financial technology (fintech) Peer-to-Peer Lending (P2PL) in Indonesia has created both opportunities and challenges, particularly regarding debt collection practices by third parties (debt collectors). Such practices often result in violations of consumer rights, including intimidation, harassment, and breaches of privacy. To address these issues, the Financial Services Authority of Indonesia (OJK) issued Regulation No. 22 of 2023 on Consumer and Public Protection in the Financial Services Sector, which establishes legal standards for protecting fintech P2PL consumers. This study aims to analyze the regulation of debt collection by third parties under OJK Regulation No. 22/2023, assess the forms of legal protection for consumers, and identify the obligations of fintech P2PL providers in managing collection practices. The research applies a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that OJK Regulation No. 22/2023 provides consumer protection through preventive mechanisms (mandatory transparency, prohibition of intimidation, and regulation of third-party involvement) and repressive mechanisms (complaint handling and administrative sanctions). However, challenges remain in implementation, such as low consumer literacy, outsourced collection practices, and weak on-site supervision. Therefore, stronger regulation, tighter controls by providers, and collaboration among regulators, law enforcement, and fintech associations are required to ensure optimal consumer protection.

This study aims to analyze the perceptions of Generation Z members of the Toba Batak ethnic group in Pegagan Julu VI Village, Sumbul District, Dairi Regency, regarding the symbolic meaning of the tradition of giving manuk naniatur (a traditional gift) and the shifting meaning or function of this tradition according to Generation Z. The method used was qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results indicate that the tradition of giving manuk naniatur is still routinely practiced and has become a local custom. Most Generation Z members value this tradition as an important part of their cultural identity and ancestral heritage, although not all understand its symbols deeply. This tradition is seen as an expression of love and gratitude to God, as well as a sign of blessing, hope, encouragement, and strength for children or families who have migrated. However, there has been a shift in meaning in Generation Z's perspective, from the tradition previously seen as a symbol of respect and spiritual bonding to now being seen more as a cultural identity and shared values ​​that must be maintained. This study illustrates the dynamics of traditional cultural preservation and adaptation to the changing times among the younger generation of the Toba Batak ethnic group.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) play a crucial role in creating consistency, efficiency, and accountability in governance. However, the process of developing SOPs within the bureaucracy often faces complex organizational communication challenges. This study aims to analyze the organizational communication process in developing SOPs at the Serang City Regional Inspectorate, focusing on the role of the Secretariat as the administrative coordination center. The method used was a qualitative case study approach, involving in-depth interviews with key informants, observation, and documentation analysis. The results indicate that organizational communication plays a crucial role in every stage of SOP development, from data collection and drafting, to cross-sector coordination, and document finalization. The Secretariat acts as a liaison between units, archives manager, and coordination meeting facilitator. However, obstacles identified include a top-down vertical communication pattern, differing perceptions between units, delays in information flow due to bureaucracy, and limited technology-based communication tools. Improvements were made through the establishment of cross-unit forums, communication training, and the use of online applications to strengthen two-way communication. The implications of this research indicate that increasing the effectiveness of organizational communication is a key factor in accelerating the process of preparing SOPs and supporting the creation of more responsive, efficient, and accountable governance.

This study aims to explore how interpersonal communication plays a role in the process of constructing self-identity within the “Jemuah Keos” community in Surabaya. This community functions as an alternative social space inhabited by individuals with diverse creative backgrounds, such as musicians, motorcycle builders, visual artists, and subculture enthusiasts. The formation of identity in this community is not solely driven by individual expression but also shaped through social interactions that are reflective and rich in meaningful symbols. The study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive case study method. Data were collected through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews with nine informants, and documentation of various visual artifacts representing the community’s activities. The data analysis process follows the interactive model by Miles and Huberman, which consists of three main stages: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The theoretical framework used in this study refers to Joseph A. DeVito's concept of interpersonal communication, which includes self-disclosure, empathy, emotional support, symbolic exchange, social values, as well as reflective interaction and role negotiation in social relationships. The findings indicate that interpersonal communication is a key element in shaping and negotiating personal identity. Cultural symbols such as clothing style, vehicle modifications, visual language, and daily interaction patterns become primary means of identity expression. The "Jemuah Keos" community demonstrates openness, equality, and a critical stance against the dominance of mainstream culture. Interpersonal communication within this community also plays a role in building collective solidarity and voicing critical views on existing cultural standards. The identity formed is not only personal but also part of a larger community identity.

Basically, In order to have a lasting, contented, and successful family, a man and a woman must physically and spiritually join via marriage. This marriage contract gives both parties the right to enjoy a relationship in accordance with the Shari'a. This study aims to reveal and compare the views of scholars from various schools of thought (Hanafiyah, Malikiah, Syafi ivah, and Hanabilah) regarding temporary marriage, namely “Nikah Mutah,” which is viewed from the legal arguments of each scholar. The descriptive technique was used in this study. which describes the thoughts of previous scholars regarding mut'ah marriage and the legal basis they used. The study's findings indicate that the ulama agree to prohibit mutah marriages absolutely, based on several propositions and the Qur'an, such as surah An-Nisa (4) 24. Al-Mu'minun (23): 5-7, and At- Thalaq (65) 1, as well as various hadiths. The consensus of scholars also supports the prohibition of mut'ah marriage. On the other hand, the Svi'ah view regarding mut'ah marriage is that this marriage is permitted, referring to QS An-Nisa (4): 24, which is considered to be related to temporary marriage. This mut'ah marriage allowed during the period the beginning of Islamic history, and some narrations from Shiite sources indicate that the law on mut'ah marriage was never canceled by the Koran or the Prophet Muhammad SAW. According to Shiite scholars, the prohibition on mut'ah marriage occurred during the time of Caliph Umar bin Khattab, which they consider as an ijtihad.

The Tiatiki tradition in Teluk Depapre, Papua, is not merely an ecological ritual but serves as a cultural communication medium that conveys social and political messages. This study aims to analyze Tiatiki as vernacular media representing environmental conservation while articulating the resistance of indigenous communities against development policies that potentially threaten their customary territories. The research employs a qualitative approach with vernacular discourse analysis methods. Primary data were sourced from a 22-minute-22-second documentary produced by the Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Papua (2020), analyzed through narrative transcription, identification of visual symbols, open coding, axial coding, and theoretical interpretation based on the Two-Step Flow theory and the concept of vernacular media. The findings reveal that the ritual prohibition symbolized by the “kayul larangan” is not merely a sign of marine closure for ecological purposes but also a political statement asserting indigenous territorial claims. Indigenous opinion leaders play a strategic role as cultural communicators and as drivers of subtle resistance against external interventions. These results affirm that local wisdom-based conservation in Papua is not solely ecological but also constitutes a political discourse arena projecting cultural identity and indigenous rights. This study contributes theoretically to cultural communication studies, particularly in analyzing vernacular media as instruments of local political resistance.

This study aims to analyze the representation of the figure of the prolific sundel in the 2025 version of Pocari Sweat #IONTahanBocor advertisement using Roland Barthes' semiotic approach. The ad features a local mystical figure sundel bolong in an unusual humorous narrative to convey an educational message about the importance of staying hydrated during fasting. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a constructivist paradigm and analyzes visual impressions based on three layers of Barthes' meaning: denotation, connotation, and myth. The results of the analysis showed that the sundel bolong was shown as a figure who was dehydrated and then recovered after consuming Pocari Sweat, which is interpreted as a symbolic form of loss and recovery of body fluids. This representation shows a shift in meaning from a creepy figure to a funny and educational figure. Visual symbols such as the body leaking and the transformation into a cactus reinforce the educational message about hydration that is popularly packaged and lightweight. These findings suggest that advertising not only becomes a promotional medium, but also builds new myths through the construction of popular culture and visual communication.  

The school of jurisprudence has a crucial role in the formation of Islamic law, both in the classical and modern eras. In the classical period, schools of thought such as Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi'i, and Hanbali became the main basis for formulating Islamic law through a structured ijtihad methodology. Each school of thought developed its own way of interpreting the Qur'an, Hadith, ijma', and qiyas, which then contributed to the diversity of Islamic law. In the modern era, the role of schools of jurisprudence remains relevant in responding to contemporary legal challenges, especially in economic, social, and technological issues. Islamic law reform in various Muslim countries often refers to the principles of these schools by adapting them to the national legal system. Therefore, the study of schools of jurisprudence not only contributes to the historical development of Islamic law but also serves as a foundation for formulating legal solutions that are adaptive to the dynamics of the times.  

Marriage in Islam is a sacred institution aimed at forming a family that embodies sakinah, mawaddah, and rahmah, while also serving as a legitimate and responsible means to fulfill biological needs. In the socio-religious context, religious figures such as kyai play a significant role, particularly in guiding the community to maintain household harmony. This study explores the role of kyai in promoting household harmony among Islamic boarding school alumni in Gading District, an area where the spiritual bond between kyai and santri remains strong. These alumni often face various challenges in their domestic lives, including differences in perspectives with their spouses and shifts in social values in the modern era. In such circumstances, kyai serve as spiritual advisors, counselors, and mediators who offer solutions based on Islamic values and local wisdom. This research aims to identify the types of guidance provided by kyai, as well as the supporting factors and obstacles they encounter in fulfilling their roles. The findings are expected to enrich scholarly discourse in the field of socio-religious studies and offer practical insights for religious leaders to strengthen their roles as agents of family harmony amid the complexities of modernization.

This study examines interfaith marriage and its impact on family economic rights from the perspectives of Islamic law and positive law in Indonesia, with a case focus on Sumedang Regency. Employing a qualitative phenomenological approach, the research involved semi-structured interviews with both traditional and modern Islamic scholars, along with an analysis of religious texts and statutory regulations. The findings reveal that the majority of scholars reject interfaith marriage based on Sharia principles and Article 2(1) of Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage. Nevertheless, some couples pursue such unions through administrative religious conversion or overseas ceremonies to obtain legal recognition. These practices often result in legal ambiguity regarding economic rights within the family—such as inheritance, joint property, and financial support—and may lead to familial disputes. Additional social consequences include identity confusion among children, community stigma, and potential conflicts within extended families. The study underscores the strategic role of institutions like Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) and the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) in providing legal education and advocates the need for a responsive civil registration mechanism that acknowledges interfaith marriages while respecting Islamic legal principles. A contextual approach is proposed to bridge the tension between religious norms, legal certainty, and the protection of family economic rights.

This study discusses the increase in the number of inmates related to the crime of drug abuse and/or illicit trafficking which resulted in overcrowding in the Class IIB Siborongborong Prison. In this regard, it specifically discusses the factors causing the increase in the number of inmates related to the crime of drug abuse and/or illicit trafficking in the Class IIB Siborongborong Prison, the impact of overcrowding in the Class IIB Siborongborong Prison due to the increase in the number of inmates related to the crime of drug abuse and/or illicit trafficking, and solutions to overcome drug abuse and/or illicit trafficking so that overcrowding does not occur in the Class IIB Siborongborong Prison. This research is a holistic normative research, prescriptive analytical in nature, using normative methods, referring to legal norms contained in legislation. Data used as research supplements. This research uses the type of legislative regulatory approach, conceptual approach, and philosophical approach. Deductive qualitative analysis using Classical Economic Theory and Sociological Subcultural Pressure Theory, Legal Effectiveness Theory, and Benefit Theory as analytical tools.  The results of the study concluded that there were 3 (three) factors causing the increase in the number of inmates related to the crime of drug abuse and/or illicit trafficking in Class IIB Siborongborong Prison. There were 2 (two) impacts of overcrowding in Class IIB Siborongborong Prison due to the increase in the number of inmates related to the crime of drug abuse and/or illicit trafficking. There were 7 (seven) solutions to overcome drug abuse and/or illicit trafficking so that overcrowding would not occur in Class IIB Siborongborong Prison.