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This article examines the relationship between Islamic politics and democracy in contemporary Indonesia. As the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, Indonesia presents a distinctive dynamic in the interaction between Islamic values and modern democratic systems. This study aims to analyze how Islamic political actors, including political parties and religious organizations, interact with and adapt to democratic practices in the post-Reform era. The research employs a qualitative method through a literature review of Indonesian academic journals published within the last five years. The findings indicate that Islamic politics in Indonesia is plural and dynamic, showing an adaptive tendency toward democratic principles. Islamic values such as deliberation (shura), justice, and equality are considered compatible with democratic ideals. However, Islamic politics also faces contemporary challenges, including the politicization of religion, identity politics, and social polarization. The article concludes that the relationship between Islamic politics and democracy in Indonesia is dynamic and largely adaptive within the framework of the Pancasila state.

This study examines the comparison between litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in resolving business conflicts in Indonesia. The increasingly complex nature of business activities has led to a variety of conflicts, such as breach of contract, share ownership disputes, and payment issues, which require efficient resolution methods that provide legal certainty. This study aims to explore the characteristics, procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of dispute resolution through litigation and ADR, which include negotiation, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration. The method applied is normative juridical, drawing on legislation, legal doctrine, and relevant literature. The research findings indicate that litigation offers stronger legal certainty through binding court decisions and organized procedures, but is often time-consuming, expensive, and produces win-lose outcomes. On the other hand, ADR offers flexibility, confidentiality, efficiency, and the opportunity to reach mutually beneficial solutions, although in some situations it requires court confirmation for enforcement. Therefore, the choice of dispute resolution method needs to be adjusted to the nature of the conflict, the relationship between the parties, and the need for legal certainty.

Overcapacity in Correctional Institutions is a structural problem that is still a serious challenge in the correctional system in Indonesia. This condition is characterized by the number of inmates that far exceeds the ideal capacity, resulting in a decrease in the quality of coaching, health services, and security. This study aims to analyze the factors that cause overcapacity in prisons and the impact they have on the effectiveness of the correctional system. The method used is a normative juridical approach supported by empirical data from relevant agency reports. The results of the study show that the main factors causing overcapacity include the high crime rate, criminal policies that are still oriented towards prison sentences, and limited correctional facilities and infrastructure. The impact of overcapacity is very felt in the implementation of inmate development. Crowded housing conditions also increase conflicts between inmates, the spread of infectious diseases, and violations of basic rights. In addition, the limited number of correctional officers causes supervision to not run optimally and has the potential to trigger deviant practices in prisons. Therefore, it is necessary to reformulate penal policies through the optimization of non-prison penal alternatives, institutional capacity building, and strengthening rehabilitation and social reintegration programs to realize a more humane and just correctional system.

Illegal logging is a serious environmental problem in Indonesia due to its direct impact on forest destruction, biodiversity loss, and increased carbon emissions. The Indonesian government has established various public policies and legal instruments to address illegal logging practices, such as the Forestry Law, the licensing system, and strengthening law enforcement agencies. However, the effectiveness of these policies remains a concern, given that illegal logging cases continue to occur in various regions. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of public policies in enforcing environmental law, focusing on illegal logging cases in Indonesia. The method used in this study is a normative juridical approach by examining regulations, government policies, and secondary data from reports from relevant institutions and previous research results. Analysis shows that despite comprehensive public policy design, its implementation still faces various obstacles, such as weak oversight, poor coordination between institutions, limited human resources, and corrupt practices. Furthermore, social and economic factors in communities surrounding forests also influence the success of environmental law enforcement. Therefore, strengthening law enforcement agencies, transparency and accountability, and active community involvement in forest management are essential. With these improvements, public policy is expected to be more effective in preventing and combating illegal logging for the sake of environmental sustainability in Indonesia.

The determination of a minimum marriage age is a central issue in Indonesian family law and Islamic legal discourse, particularly regarding the prevention of health, social, and psychological risks associated with child marriage. This study analyzes the alignment between the legal requirement of a minimum age of 19, as stipulated in Law No. 16 of 2019 and Constitutional Court Decision No. 22/PUU-XV/2017, and the framework of maqāṣid sharī‘ah, especially the hierarchical structure of dharuriyyāt, ḥājiyyāt, and taḥsīniyyāt. Employing a normative juridical method supported by extensive literature review, this research examines statutory regulations, classical and contemporary Islamic legal sources, works on maqāṣid, and empirical data from national and international institutions. The findings demonstrate that the minimum age of 19 substantively accords with maqāṣid sharī‘ah: at the dharuriyyāt level, it safeguards life, intellect, and lineage from medical, psychological, and social harm; at the ḥājiyyāt level, it prevents economic hardship, emotional instability, and the inability of young couples to assume household roles; and at the taḥsīniyyāt level, it preserves human dignity, ethical conduct, and the sanctity of marriage. Consequently, the regulation is not a departure from classical Islamic jurisprudence but rather an implementation of public interest (maṣlaḥah) adapted to contemporary societal realities. This study affirms that integrating maqasid-based reasoning into public policy strengthens the protection of families and future generations in Indonesia.

This study examines in depth the responsibility of the Pangkalpinang City Government in maintaining environmental cleanliness. Such responsibility is not merely an administrative obligation but a constitutional mandate as stated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Every citizen, including the people of Pangkalpinang, has the right to live in a clean and healthy environment, while the local government is obliged to ensure the fulfillment of this right. This research analyzes the extent to which the local government has carried out its responsibilities through preventive measures (such as formulating regulations and supervising permits) and enforcement actions (including imposing sanctions and restoring the environment). The findings reveal several obstacles, such as limited budget, weak inter-agency coordination, and low public awareness regarding environmental cleanliness. Therefore, although the legal framework is well established, strong commitment, synergy, and continuous efforts from all stakeholders are required to realize a clean and sustainable Pangkalpinang City.

This study aims to analyze the regulation and implementation of the authority to test laws and regulations (judicial review) in the Indonesian state system based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study applies a normative juridical method using three main approaches, namely the statute approach, the conceptual approach, and the historical approach. The legal data collected includes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are then reviewed through qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that normatively the division of judicial review authority between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court has been expressly regulated in Article 24A paragraph (1) and Article 24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The Supreme Court is given the authority to test regulations under the law against the law, and the Constitutional Court is given the authority to test laws against the 1945 Constitution. This division of authority is a manifestation of the principle of separation of powers and the mechanism of checks and balances after the third amendment to the 1945 Constitution. However, in practice, this two-roof judicial review system tends to give rise to conceptual and practical problems, such as overlapping authority and differences in decisions between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court which have the potential to create legal uncertainty and reduce public trust in the judicial institution. Therefore, it is necessary to reorganize the authority of judicial review by strengthening coordination between institutions or unifying the authority of judicial review which is centered on one institution only in order to guarantee legal certainty, harmonization of norms, and supremacy of the constitution in the Indonesian state system.  

This article examines Indonesia’s public policy on personal data protection in light of Law No. 27/2022, which mandates the establishment of an independent Personal Data Protection Authority (PDP Authority). Despite this legal requirement (Article 58 UU PDP), no such institution has been formed. As a result, there is currently no supervisory authority with the mandate to audit compliance, impose administrative sanctions, or resolve data protection disputes. Enforcement of the law has thus remained reactive rather than preventive, with violations prosecuted only after harm occurs. Experts warn that without a strong implementing agency, deterrence is weak: administrative sanctions cannot be effectively applied and punished violations continue unchecked. Cybersecurity analysts even describe this gap as a national digital protection crisis, as personal data leaks (e.g. millions of citizens’ records exposed in recent breaches) continue unabated. Using a normative legal research approach and literature review, this study analyzes how the lack of the mandated PDP Authority undermines the effectiveness of data protection in Indonesia. The article reviews relevant legal theory on regulatory independence and deterrence, and compares with international best practices (e.g. EU/GDPR). We find that the absence of the agency creates serious implementation gaps, and we urge the government to immediately form the PDP Authority and clarify its powers.

The enforcement of election criminal law plays a crucial role in safeguarding democratic integrity and upholding the principle of popular sovereignty. Law Number 7 of 2017 establishes the Integrated Law Enforcement Center (Sentra Gakkumdu) as a coordinated mechanism involving the Election Supervisory Body, the Police, and the Prosecution Service in addressing election crimes. However, in practice, the Gakkumdu system has not fully ensured a balanced realization of legal certainty, substantive justice, and legal utility. This study aims to analyze the problems of election criminal law enforcement within the Gakkumdu system, examine the relevance of the Restorative Justice approach in election law, and formulate a reconstruction of election criminal law enforcement based on this approach. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, legal philosophy, and legal policy approaches. The findings indicate that the weaknesses in election criminal law enforcement arise from institutional fragmentation, normative ambiguity, and a legal culture dominated by legalistic and sectoral perspectives. The Restorative Justice approach is considered relevant as it prioritizes substantive justice and the restoration of democratic values. Therefore, reconstructing election criminal law enforcement based on Restorative Justice is essential to strengthening democratic legitimacy and public trust in elections in Indonesia.

The Lapindo Brantas case is the largest environmental disaster in Indonesia, causing significant environmental damage and widespread economic and social impacts on the surrounding community. This incident sparked debate about corporate legal responsibility for the damage that occurred. This study aims to thoroughly evaluate the responsibility of the Lapindo Brantas corporation using the responsibility theory approach and Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. The methods used are normative with case studies and legislative analysis to understand the mechanism of corporate legal responsibility in the context of environmental disasters. The findings of this study indicate that corporations can be held criminally liable for environmental damage, and in the case of Lapindo Brantas, the company bears legal responsibility in accordance with the principle of strict liability as stipulated in Law Number 32 of 2009. This study emphasizes the urgency of applying the principle of corporate responsibility as an important part of environmental law enforcement in Indonesia.

This study stems from a classic question in the study of political hadith regarding leadership, specifically the hadith "The Imams are from Quraysh," which is often understood textually as requiring leaders to be from the Quraysh tribe. This kind of understanding often stops at the normative and historical level, without considering the socio-political context of modern society, which is fundamentally different from the early Islamic era. As a result, a gap emerged between the moral message of the hadith and the reality of the leadership system in democratic countries like Indonesia. This research aims to reanalyse the meaning of hadiths about Quraysh and non-Quraysh leadership, and to trace their relevance to the concept of state leadership in the Indonesian constitutional system, placing Islamic political theory and modern leadership theory on an equal footing (theory = theory). This research employs a qualitative approach based on library research, with the primary sources being political hadiths and classical references such as al-Ahkam al-Sulthaniyyah by al-Mawardi, supplemented by contemporary literature on the modern Indonesian government system. The analysis was conducted using comparative methods and content analysis to explore the commonalities and differences between the concept of Imamah in Islam and leadership in modern democratic systems. The research findings indicate that the hadith about Quraysh leadership cannot be understood rigidly as a limitation of lineage, but rather as an ethical guideline emphasising the principles of justice, trust, responsibility, and public interest. The ethical values in the hadith align with the basic principles of the presidential system in Indonesia, such as public accountability, limitation of power, and popular sovereignty, as regulated in the 1945 Constitution. Despite challenges such as corruption, the politicisation of religion, and weak leadership morality, the values of the hadith remain relevant if translated into public norms and modern governance practices. This research confirms that leadership in Islam and Indonesian democracy can complement each other, with Islam providing a moral and spiritual foundation, while democracy offers the legal and political structure to realise it.

This study investigates the phenomenon of quasi-social movements that emerged during the August 25, 2025 protests in Indonesia. Quasi-social movements are defined as forms of public mobilization that appear to arise spontaneously, lack formal organizational structures, and are often leveraged for particular political agendas. Using a qualitative method supported by literature review, this research examines social movement theories, the functions of social media, and the socio-political dynamics that shaped the protests. The findings indicate that the protests were not purely the result of spontaneous civic engagement, but were instead driven by top-down mobilization orchestrated by elite actors through digital narratives, disinformation, and the broader influence of communication technology. This phenomenon signals a shift in the relationship between citizens and the state, including evolving patterns of political participation that do not always follow organized forms. The protests further illustrate how mass mobilization in the digital era can be generated through narrative construction and manipulation of public perception. In conclusion, quasi-social movements represent a new pattern of technology-mediated political expression, highlighting the need for more critical perspectives on modern forms of social mobilization.

This study investigates the influence of Apparatus Competency and Information Systems on Community Political Participation in the Local Government Head Election during the COVID-19 pandemic era in Karawang Regency. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to democratic processes, particularly in maintaining voter participation while ensuring public health safety. Employing a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative data with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, this research analyzed data from 263 respondents across various election administrative units. The results indicate that: (1) Apparatus Competency does not have a significant positive effect on Community Political Participation (T-value = 1.01 < 1.96); (2) Information Systems have a significant positive effect on Community Political Participation (T-value = 2.78 > 1.96; path coefficient = 0.67). The combined contribution of both variables explains 76% of the variance in political participation. From these findings, the study proposes the Skills Democracy Model, emphasizing that digital information skills and organizational experience are critical determinants of democratic participation quality during pandemic conditions. These findings have significant implications for election governance reform and e-democracy development in Indonesia.

This research examines criminal law policy in handling special narcotics crimes and their social impacts on Indonesian society. Narcotics crime constitutes an extraordinary crime that threatens public health, security, and social resilience. Therefore, the state implements criminal law policies through penal and non-penal approaches regulated in statutory provisions, particularly the Narcotics Law. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of criminal law policies in combating narcotics crimes and to examine the social impacts arising from the implementation of such policies. The research method used is normative legal research employing statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that criminal law policies in narcotics control still face various challenges, including ineffective law enforcement, prison overcapacity, and social stigma against narcotics users. The social impacts are not only experienced by offenders but also affect families and the wider community. Consequently, criminal law policies that prioritize restorative justice, rehabilitation, and preventive measures are urgently needed to reduce negative social impacts and to ensure sustainable protection for society in Indonesia.

The application of a uniform pattern in center-periphery relations is frequently entrapped in a rigidity of uniformity that neglects the sociological and historical complexities of Indonesian society. This study aims to analyze the juridical construction of asymmetric decentralization within the framework of the Pancasila Rule of Law, as well as its implications for the management of diversity and national integration. Employing a normative legal research method with conceptual and statutory approaches, this study reveals that asymmetric decentralization is not merely an administrative deviation, but rather an imperative manifestation of substantive justice and the politics of recognition towards regional particularities. Although this policy has been effective in mitigating disintegration potential in special regions such as Aceh and Papua, its implementation leaves residual issues regarding sharp disparities in authority, potential legal fragmentation, and inter-regional jealousy. This study concludes that the sustainability of special autonomy necessitates a governance reconstruction that is not solely oriented towards temporary political accommodation, but must be coherently integrated with Pancasila values. The theoretical implications of this study underscore the necessity for harmonization between national legal supremacy and the flexibility of regional autonomy to foster sustainable social cohesion within the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

This research explores the significant role of cultural institutions in overseeing and enforcing laws based on local wisdom in Indonesia, a nation characterized by its rich cultural diversity. The purpose of this study is to analyze how cultural institutions, particularly customary law bodies, can help integrate local traditions and values into the formal legal system, ensuring that laws are more reflective of and responsive to the diverse communities across the country. The study employs a normative approach with a prescriptive method to examine the challenges and opportunities of incorporating local wisdom into national law, particularly in the realm of legal oversight and dispute resolution. The research reveals that, despite constitutional recognition of customary law, its practical implementation within the national legal framework remains hindered by conflicts between customary norms and formal legal structures. Key findings suggest that strengthening the role of cultural institutions in legal processes can enhance both the legitimacy and effectiveness of the legal system, promoting social harmony and fostering justice that resonates with the local context. Ultimately, the study concludes that empowering cultural institutions is vital for creating a legal environment that respects and integrates local wisdom, which will contribute to a more inclusive, fair, and sustainable legal system in Indonesia.

The establishment of the age limit for children up to 18 years in Indonesian law is a normative instrument that aims to ensure legal certainty and child protection. This provision is adopted in various laws and regulations as a form of the state's commitment to fulfilling children's rights. However, in law enforcement practice, the application of this age limit often causes problems when faced with the dynamics of actual cases that reveal a discrepancy between the normative age and the social, psychological, and factual conditions of the child. This condition creates tension between the legal-formal approach that emphasizes legal certainty and the need for substantive justice oriented towards the best interests of the child. This study aims to analyze the problems of applying the age limit of 18 years in the context of actual cases and to examine how the tension between legal certainty and the reality of children is reflected in law enforcement practices in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, as well as normative qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that the rigid application of the age limit for children has the potential to ignore the contextual aspects of children and give rise to inconsistencies in practice. Therefore, a more contextual legal approach is needed through strengthening the discretion of law enforcement officials and progressive interpretation by judges in order to achieve substantive justice and optimal protection for children.

This study examines the renewal of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) Baru as an effort to synchronize with the Criminal Code (KUHP) 2023, as well as analyzing crucial articles that potentially cause legal uncertainty in the criminal justice process in Indonesia. Using a juridical-normative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, this research analyzes secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results show that KUHAP Baru successfully addresses some of the mismatches with KUHP 2023 through regulations on alternative punishments, corporate accountability, and protection for vulnerable groups, but still faces conceptual and technical challenges such as legislative disharmony and minimal public participation. On the other hand, crucial articles such as Articles 5, 16, 74, 90, 93, 105, 112A, 124, 132A, and 137A pose risks of legal uncertainty due to the expansion of law enforcement authority without adequate oversight, which can violate the due process principle and human rights. The study's conclusion emphasizes the need for further revisions to strengthen legal certainty and harmonize the criminal justice system.

This study aims to analyze the application of the doctrine of vicarious liability in the liability of hospitals for medical malpractice lawsuits in Indonesia. The increasing number of medical disputes raises questions regarding the extent to which hospitals can be held responsible for the negligence of medical personnel working under their authority. This research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, by examining the Indonesian Civil Code, Law No. 44 of 2009 on Hospitals, Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health, and relevant court decisions. The findings reveal that, normatively, hospitals can be held accountable under Article 1367 of the Civil Code, which aligns with the doctrine of vicarious liability (Black, 2019). However, judicial practice in Indonesia remains inconsistent: in some cases judges place liability on hospitals, while in others they hold individual doctors fully responsible (Budiman, Absori & Rizka, 2023; Vitrianingsih, Miarsa & Yahya, 2025). This inconsistency demonstrates a gap between normative regulation and juridical implementation. The novelty of this study lies in emphasizing the importance of the principle of justice in applying vicarious liability. Legal protection should not be limited to written norms but must also be substantive by balancing patients’ rights to safe and quality healthcare with the rights of medical personnel and hospitals to legal certainty. This is in line with Rawls’ (1971) concept of justice as fairness and Radbruch’s (2006) idea of balancing justice, legal certainty, and expediency.

Mediation, as one of the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms in civil cases, aims to provide efficient, timely, and non-confrontational solutions for disputing parties. Within the Indonesian legal system, mediation has been formally regulated through the Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) No. 1 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures in Court. This study seeks to examine the implementation of civil dispute resolution through mediation from a legal perspective while also assessing its empirical effectiveness in district courts. The research employs an empirical juridical approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews with mediator judges, advocates, and disputing parties who have participated in the mediation process, supported by documentation studies of civil case decisions resolved through mediation. The findings reveal that, normatively, mediation has a sufficiently strong legal foundation as an alternative method of dispute resolution. However, its practical effectiveness remains constrained by several challenges, such as the limited understanding and legal awareness of disputing parties, time constraints faced by mediator judges, and the absence of an optimal supervisory mechanism for monitoring mediation practices. These factors contribute to the relatively low success rate of mediation in practice. Therefore, improvements are required in the implementation of regulations, the establishment of more effective monitoring systems, and the enhancement of human resource capacity, particularly mediator competence. Strengthening these aspects is expected to enable mediation to function more effectively as a fair, efficient, and accessible mechanism for resolving civil disputes in Indonesia.