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The development of automotive technology continuously seeks solutions to improve human mobility and address environmental concerns. This study focuses on the Hydrogen Reactor (HHO) technology as an alternative solution for fuel efficiency and emission reduction, specifically examining the legal protection of consumers utilizing this technology at Bengkel Karya Gemilang. The research aims to analyze the legal framework of consumer protection in the context of new energy-saving technologies and to identify the legal responsibilities of business actors (workshops) and the rights of consumers. Employing a normative legal research method with a case study approach, the study analyzes the implementation of Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK) in the utilization of HHO reactors. The findings indicate that while the HHO reactor technology offers a potential 5-15% increase in fuel efficiency and CO emission reduction, its implementation introduces new legal challenges, particularly regarding product safety, standardization, and the obligation for periodic servicing. Consumer protection is primarily ensured through the workshop’s obligation to provide clear product explanations, guarantee product safety, and fulfill the periodic service commitment. The study concludes that the existing UUPK provides a sufficient legal basis, but its implementation requires clear and transparent agreements, especially concerning the technical specifications and long-term maintenance of the HHO reactor, to ensure consumer rights are fully protected against potential risks associated with new, non-standardized automotive technologies.

This study examines the legal protection regarding the cancellation of unused trademarks through a case study of the Supreme Court Decision No. 264 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2015 between IKEA Systems BV and PT Ratania Khatulistiwa. Trademarks play a vital role in modern trade, functioning not only as product identities but also as guarantees of quality and reputation with significant economic value. Law No. 15 of 2001 stipulates that a trademark may be cancelled if it is not used for three consecutive years, aiming to prevent speculative practices and pseudo-monopolies. However, this provision raises issues when applied to well-known trademarks that require longer periods to penetrate domestic markets. Using a literature review approach, this research analyzes legal norms, doctrines, and court decisions, while comparing them with international practices. The findings reveal that Indonesian law prioritizes the use requirement principle over the global reputation of a trademark. The Supreme Court’s decision to cancel the IKEA trademark demonstrates Indonesia’s legal orientation towards domestic legal certainty, yet it also creates challenges in maintaining a conducive investment climate. Therefore, trademark regulations need to be reformed to become more adaptive to globalization dynamics while balancing the interests of trademark owners, local businesses, consumers, and the state.

This study discusses the implementation of consumer law in the context of gold investment through PT X's digital application and the consumer protection guarantee mechanisms presented in the system. The research method used is normative juridical, namely a method that emphasizes the study of applicable positive legal norms, legal doctrine, and the application of relevant legal principles. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of consumer law in digital-based gold investment has been carried out in accordance with contractual principles as stipulated in civil law and in line with the provisions of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. In practice, gold investment transactions through the X application are carried out with a mixed agreement containing elements of sale and purchase, deposit, and pawn. This is an important basis because the legal relationship between consumers and companies is not only a single transaction, but a combination that requires guaranteed protection of consumer rights. The legal basis for this mechanism is reflected in the X Digital Application Operational Guidelines Number 28 of 2024, which detailed administrative procedures, application usage requirements, and the implementation of consumer protection principles as stipulated in Articles 4, 7, 18, and 45 of the Consumer Protection Law. Thus, the implemented system not only emphasizes commercial aspects but also ensures a balance between the rights and obligations of consumers and businesses. This study highlights how digital transformation in financial services requires a robust legal framework to protect consumers from potential risks. Therefore, internal company regulations and guidelines play a strategic role in ensuring fairness and providing a sense of security for people investing in gold through digital applications.  

Free trade provides significant opportunities for developing countries to increase exports, expand market access, and drive economic growth. Through engagement in global markets, products and services can reach a wider range of consumers, creating the potential for increased national income. However, global economic integration also presents serious challenges, particularly in terms of the protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). As national boundaries in economic activity become increasingly blurred, intellectual property—including patents, trademarks, industrial designs, copyrights, and trade secrets—becomes increasingly vulnerable to infringement. Common forms of infringement include piracy, counterfeiting of branded products, and theft of technology or innovation. These practices not only harm creators or rights owners but can also hinder the development of innovation, reduce industrial competitiveness, and undermine consumer confidence. Adequate IPR protection requires a combination of strong national regulations and an effective international legal framework. Instruments such as the TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement under the WTO provide global standards to which compliance must be adhered, but implementation at the national level is crucial for their success. Weak or inconsistent law enforcement can open the door to violations that harm both domestic and foreign businesses. Beyond legal aspects, effective IPR protection also impacts the investment climate. Investors tend to invest in countries that can guarantee the security of their intellectual assets. Therefore, IPR protection is not only a legal issue but also a long-term economic development strategy. Therefore, in the era of free trade, developing countries need to balance market openness with strengthening IPR protection systems to create a conducive environment for innovation, sustainable economic growth, and public welfare.

In the context of Indonesia’s evolving insurance landscape, this study examines the legal protection afforded to policyholders of the BLife Plan MultiPro unit-linked life insurance product against uncertainties in end-of-contract benefit payments. Employing a doctrinal-normative and historical approach, the research analyzes statutory provisions from Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection through Law No. 40 of 2014 on Insurance and POJK regulations to evaluate the efficacy of preventive (transparency requirements), corrective (mediation and arbitration), repressive (administrative sanctions), and restorative (insurance guarantee scheme) mechanisms. Integrating Fuller’s internal morality of law, Hart’s open-texture theory, and Knight’s risk-uncertainty distinction, the findings reveal that regulatory evolution has progressively enhanced policyholder protection from 65% under the 1999 framework to 95% under the forthcoming 2028 guarantee scheme yet practical gaps persist in consumer education and claims standardization. The study recommends clarifying policy clauses, streamlining administrative procedures, and enhancing judicial discretion to fortify legal certainty and restore consumer confidence