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The rapid development of digital technology has significantly transformed financial transaction systems, including the use of securities. Conventional securities, which traditionally function as instruments of payment, evidence, and transfer of rights, face various challenges such as document forgery, loss, and administrative inefficiency. These conditions have encouraged the digitalization of securities, requiring adjustments within the Indonesian legal framework. This study aims to analyze the transformation of securities from conventional forms to digital formats within the perspective of Indonesian law and to assess the adequacy of existing regulations in addressing such developments. The research employs a normative juridical approach by examining primary legal materials in the form of statutory regulations and secondary legal materials consisting of legal literature and previous studies. The findings indicate that although electronic documents have been legally recognized as valid evidence, there is no specific and comprehensive regulation governing digital securities. Consequently, legal uncertainty remains regarding the transfer of rights, evidentiary strength, and legal protection for holders of digital securities. This study is expected to contribute conceptually to the development of adaptive legal regulations that ensure legal certainty and protection in the context of modern digital transactions.

This study examines the urgency of regulating the nominal limit of restitution in criminal case resolution through a restorative justice approach from the perspective of legal certainty. Restorative justice in Indonesia is governed by PERKAP No. 8 of 2021, PERJA No. 15 of 2020, and PERMA No. 1 of 2024. However, none of these regulations explicitly stipulate the nominal limit of compensation payable to victims. The absence of such a provision potentially leads to legal uncertainty and unfair practices, particularly in cases where resolution depends on the offender's ability to pay restitution. This research adopts a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The study aims to analyze the necessity of regulating nominal limits and how such limits should be determined under the prevailing legal framework. The findings reveal that the lack of clear restitution limits hampers the effective implementation of restorative justice, undermines fairness, and fails to adequately protect victims' rights. Legal regulation of compensation limits is necessary to ensure legal certainty, prevent abuse of power, and uphold justice in the victim recovery process. The study recommends that the state promptly establish clear restitution limits through revision of existing regulations or formulation of new ones, taking into account the principles of justice, the offender’s financial capacity, and the proportionality of the victim's losses.

Sanitation facilities are a fundamental element that contributes to creating a healthy, comfortable, and productive learning environment in higher education institutions. This study aims to describe the availability of sanitation facilities in the Office Administration Management Study Program, analyze the factors that influence their condition, and explore the perspectives of the academic community regarding their quality and usefulness. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, with data collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The informants of this study consisted of students, lecturers, administrative staff, and facility managers. The findings reveal that sanitation facilities such as toilets, sinks, and trash bins remain inadequate in terms of quantity, physical condition, and distribution within the campus area. Several key challenges were identified, including limited financial resources, suboptimal management practices, low awareness and discipline among users, and the absence of clear and strict institutional policies related to sanitation standards. The academic community generally perceives that the available sanitation facilities do not meet the expected standards of comfort and hygiene, which may negatively affect the quality of learning experiences and academic activities. This study highlights the importance of strategic planning, adequate budget allocation, and supportive institutional policies in improving the quality of sanitation facilities. The implications of the study are expected to provide valuable input for higher education managers in formulating policies and planning facilities that are more responsive to the needs of the academic community, thereby supporting effective, professional, and sustainable educational governance.

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has become a dominant trend in modern buying and selling transactions, offering easy access and efficiency. Marketplaces like Shopee act as intermediaries between merchants and buyers, providing fast, secure, and integrated transaction facilities. However, behind this convenience, significant legal issues arise, particularly regarding unilateral transaction cancellations by buyers through the refund feature. In practice, these refund requests are generally approved by the marketplace without thorough verification of the validity of the cancellation reason or the existence of the goods already shipped by the merchant. This study aims to analyze the legality of unilateral cancellations by buyers from the perspective of Indonesian civil law, with reference to the provisions of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and the concept of electronic contracts as stipulated in the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE). The study uses a normative juridical approach by examining laws and regulations, legal literature, and analyzing two case studies involving merchants BZS and HK. The results indicate that unilateral cancellations by buyers without returning the goods constitute a form of breach of contract. This action not only violates the electronic contractual agreement established during the transaction but also causes financial and reputational harm to merchants. This phenomenon indicates weak legal protection for business actors in the e-commerce ecosystem, particularly regarding the bargaining power between sellers, buyers, and marketplace platforms. Therefore, strengthening fair and transparent digital dispute resolution mechanisms is necessary, including preventive legal protection to prevent losses and repressive protection to provide redress for injured parties. This step is crucial for realizing a healthy, balanced, and equitable digital trade ecosystem for all parties involved.

Corporations as legal entities have become an integral part of the national economic system. However, behind its contribution to economic growth, not a few corporations are involved in economic crimes such as corruption, tax evasion, money laundering, to monopoly and cartel practices. These corporate crimes have a broad and systemic impact, not only harming the state from a financial perspective, but also damaging a healthy economic order and creating social injustice. In the context of Indonesian criminal law, the implementation of accountability for corporations as perpetrators of criminal acts still faces various challenges, both in terms of regulations, technical law enforcement, and understanding of law enforcement officials. This research aims to evaluate the extent to which the implementation of criminal liability against corporations in cases of national economic crimes as well as identify relevant obstacles and solutions. The method used is a normative juridical approach by examining various laws and regulations, jurisprudence case studies, and related scientific literature. The results show that although the recognition of corporations as subjects of criminal law has been contained in several sectoral laws, its implementation is still partial and has not touched the root of the problem, especially in proving structural corporate guilt. Therefore, there is a need for regulatory reform, strengthening the capacity of law enforcement institutions, and integrating a multidisciplinary approach in dealing with corporate crime. By strengthening criminal accountability towards corporations, it is hoped that the Indonesian criminal law system will be able to provide a deterrent effect while maintaining national economic integrity.

This study examines interfaith marriage and its impact on family economic rights from the perspectives of Islamic law and positive law in Indonesia, with a case focus on Sumedang Regency. Employing a qualitative phenomenological approach, the research involved semi-structured interviews with both traditional and modern Islamic scholars, along with an analysis of religious texts and statutory regulations. The findings reveal that the majority of scholars reject interfaith marriage based on Sharia principles and Article 2(1) of Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage. Nevertheless, some couples pursue such unions through administrative religious conversion or overseas ceremonies to obtain legal recognition. These practices often result in legal ambiguity regarding economic rights within the family—such as inheritance, joint property, and financial support—and may lead to familial disputes. Additional social consequences include identity confusion among children, community stigma, and potential conflicts within extended families. The study underscores the strategic role of institutions like Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) and the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) in providing legal education and advocates the need for a responsive civil registration mechanism that acknowledges interfaith marriages while respecting Islamic legal principles. A contextual approach is proposed to bridge the tension between religious norms, legal certainty, and the protection of family economic rights.