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The concept of force majeure is essential in business agreements in Indonesia, as it regulates the release of contractual obligations that cannot be fulfilled due to events beyond their control such as natural disasters, pandemics, conflicts, or government policies. This study examines force majeure clauses in business agreements in Indonesia from a normative juridical perspective, focusing on the legal framework, its application practices, and its legal implications for contractual certainty. Using normative juridical qualitative methods, data were analyzed from the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) Articles 1244–1245 and 1444–1445, legal doctrine, and literature. The results of the study underlined that the force majeure clause has a strong legal basis in the Civil Code, which exempts the affected party from the obligation of compensation if the failure to perform the obligation is caused by events beyond his control. The application of this clause in the contract allows for the revision, postponement, or termination of a temporary contract, thereby guaranteeing legal certainty and protecting the principles of good faith and contractual fairness. In addition, the formulation of detailed clauses in the contract is crucial to prevent potential legal disputes down the road and ensure fair protection for all parties involved in the business agreement.

The Lapindo Brantas case is the largest environmental disaster in Indonesia, causing significant environmental damage and widespread economic and social impacts on the surrounding community. This incident sparked debate about corporate legal responsibility for the damage that occurred. This study aims to thoroughly evaluate the responsibility of the Lapindo Brantas corporation using the responsibility theory approach and Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. The methods used are normative with case studies and legislative analysis to understand the mechanism of corporate legal responsibility in the context of environmental disasters. The findings of this study indicate that corporations can be held criminally liable for environmental damage, and in the case of Lapindo Brantas, the company bears legal responsibility in accordance with the principle of strict liability as stipulated in Law Number 32 of 2009. This study emphasizes the urgency of applying the principle of corporate responsibility as an important part of environmental law enforcement in Indonesia.

Flood disasters are recurring hydrometeorological hazards that significantly impact social, economic, and environmental conditions in Tulungagung Regency. This study aims to analyze the flood disaster mitigation communication strategies implemented by the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of Tulungagung Regency and to identify the roles, challenges, and implications of both internal and external communication in flood disaster management. The research employed a qualitative approach using a descriptive method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with the Secretary of BPBD Tulungagung Regency, the Head of the Emergency and Logistics Division, the Head of the Prevention and Preparedness Division, and members of flood-affected communities. The findings reveal that BPBD Tulungagung Regency has attempted to optimize disaster communication during the pre-disaster, emergency response, and post-disaster phases. The effectiveness of these communication efforts remains limited due to several challenges, including inadequate communication infrastructure, varying levels of disaster literacy among community members, diverse geographical conditions, and insufficient coordination in internal and external communication. Pre-disaster communication plays an essential role in improving community preparedness, communication during emergency response supports timely and accurate decision-making, and post-disaster communication contributes to recovery processes and the strengthening of community resilience. This study concludes that optimizing disaster communication requires integrated information systems, improved human resource capacity within BPBD, and active community participation through community-based communication approaches to sustainably enhance resilience to flood risks.

The policy of mandatory relocation in post-disaster areas, particularly in Cianjur's red zones, plays a crucial role in mitigating risks associated with earthquakes and other natural disasters. This study analyzes the implementation of this policy from the perspective of local government tasks and functions, focusing on the coordination of various stakeholders, legal frameworks, and community involvement. The research uses a qualitative approach, combining legal-normative and sociological perspectives to explore the challenges and conflicts faced during the relocation process. Findings indicate that while the policy has been crucial in safeguarding public safety, its implementation has faced significant challenges such as budget constraints, community resistance, and logistical issues. The study highlights the importance of improving collaboration among local authorities, security agencies, and affected communities. The findings also suggest the need for a more transparent and inclusive approach to policy implementation, ensuring the protection of displaced populations' rights.