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The development of Islamic political thought cannot be separated from the historical context and social dynamics surrounding it. One significant period that influenced the direction of this thought is the era of Western colonialism in the 19th to early 20th centuries. During this period, much of the Islamic world was under Western colonial rule, which had a profound impact on the social, political, and intellectual conditions of Muslims. Within the Muslim community itself, various internal issues related to religious understanding arose, causing difficulties in facing the dominance and hegemony of the West. Islamic political thought became one of the fields of study in political science, which is not only relevant today but also gained attention during the classical Islamic period. This study is highly significant, both in the development of knowledge and as a framework for political practice. Therefore, it is important to study Islamic political thought, as it provides deep insights into political dynamics and Islam’s contribution to shaping existing political systems, as well as offering perspectives that are useful in facing contemporary global challenges.

The rapid development of Islamic banking in Indonesia faces significant challenges in maintaining liquidity and profitability amidst dynamic capital market conditions. The urgency of this study arises from the need to examine whether traditional financial ratios, such as the Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) and Return on Equity (ROE), play a decisive role in influencing investment decisions, which are proxied by the Price to Earning Ratio (PER). The main objective of this research is to empirically test the effect of liquidity and profitability, both partially and simultaneously, on investment decisions in Islamic commercial banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2021–2025 period. This study adopts an associative design with a quantitative approach, utilizing secondary data from financial reports obtained from the IDX, and analyzed using multiple linear regression on 68 observation samples. The findings reveal that neither liquidity nor profitability significantly influence investment decisions, either partially or simultaneously. These results suggest that investors in the Islamic banking sector tend to prioritize non-financial factors such as sharia compliance, governance, macroeconomic conditions, and ESG trends, rather than conventional financial indicators. In conclusion, this research extends the understanding of the limitations of Signaling Theory in the sharia context and recommends the development of a more holistic investment evaluation model. Future studies are encouraged to incorporate non-financial variables for a more comprehensive analysis.

The school of jurisprudence has a crucial role in the formation of Islamic law, both in the classical and modern eras. In the classical period, schools of thought such as Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi'i, and Hanbali became the main basis for formulating Islamic law through a structured ijtihad methodology. Each school of thought developed its own way of interpreting the Qur'an, Hadith, ijma', and qiyas, which then contributed to the diversity of Islamic law. In the modern era, the role of schools of jurisprudence remains relevant in responding to contemporary legal challenges, especially in economic, social, and technological issues. Islamic law reform in various Muslim countries often refers to the principles of these schools by adapting them to the national legal system. Therefore, the study of schools of jurisprudence not only contributes to the historical development of Islamic law but also serves as a foundation for formulating legal solutions that are adaptive to the dynamics of the times.