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This article examines Indonesia’s public policy on personal data protection in light of Law No. 27/2022, which mandates the establishment of an independent Personal Data Protection Authority (PDP Authority). Despite this legal requirement (Article 58 UU PDP), no such institution has been formed. As a result, there is currently no supervisory authority with the mandate to audit compliance, impose administrative sanctions, or resolve data protection disputes. Enforcement of the law has thus remained reactive rather than preventive, with violations prosecuted only after harm occurs. Experts warn that without a strong implementing agency, deterrence is weak: administrative sanctions cannot be effectively applied and punished violations continue unchecked. Cybersecurity analysts even describe this gap as a national digital protection crisis, as personal data leaks (e.g. millions of citizens’ records exposed in recent breaches) continue unabated. Using a normative legal research approach and literature review, this study analyzes how the lack of the mandated PDP Authority undermines the effectiveness of data protection in Indonesia. The article reviews relevant legal theory on regulatory independence and deterrence, and compares with international best practices (e.g. EU/GDPR). We find that the absence of the agency creates serious implementation gaps, and we urge the government to immediately form the PDP Authority and clarify its powers.

This paper reviews the dynamics of cybersecurity in Indonesia, focusing on the role of the Indonesian National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN) in Indonesia’s cybersecurity architecture. The conceptual framework used is cyber security to analyze cybersecurity phenomena in Indonesia and multi-level cybersecurity governance as a tool for analyzing the role of BSSN in the field of cybersecurity. A descriptive qualitative approach is the main methodological approach in this study. With this approach, this study attempts to describe the role of BSSN in Indonesia’s cybersecurity architecture. Data collection was carried out through a literature study obtained from BSSN’s main documents, official reports, and related journal articles. The findings show that BSSN has a strategic role in Indonesian cybersecurity. This strategic role is demonstrated by BSSN’s various achievement in cybersecurity, such as the drafting of a national cybersecurity bill, the development of human resources capacity in the cyber field and the establishment of cooperation with various parties, both domestically and internationally.

The development of information and communication technology (ICT), particularly the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data, has transformed Indonesia's national security threat landscape. Threats that previously focused on traditional military aspects have now shifted to non-traditional cyber threats, such as cyberattacks, digital espionage, and infrastructure sabotage. According to PROXSIS IT GRC data, in 2024, more than 19 million cyberattacks were recorded against websites in Indonesia. While this figure is a decrease compared to the previous year, this trend is thought to reflect a shift towards more structured and organized tactics by threat actors. In response, the Indonesian government established the National Cybersecurity Action Plan 2024–2028 as a strategic guideline. Furthermore, cyber diplomacy is being promoted through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, for example through the signing of memorandums of understanding (MoUs) with the UK and Kaspersky. This cooperation includes the exchange of intelligence information, strengthening human resource capacity, raising public awareness regarding cybersecurity, and protecting critical information infrastructure. This study uses non-traditional security theory and defense diplomacy to analyze the strategies, challenges, and prospects of Indonesia's cyber policy. The analysis demonstrates that cyber defense diplomacy plays a crucial role as an instrument for integrating technology, regulation, and international collaboration in safeguarding digital sovereignty. In addition to strengthening threat detection and mitigation capabilities, this diplomacy also builds networks of trust with partner nations, which is essential amidst the increasing complexity of global threats. Therefore, in the era of digital globalization, full of interconnections, cyber defense diplomacy serves not only as a national protection tool but also as Indonesia's contribution to global cybersecurity stability. This effort prioritizes synergy between technological innovation, law enforcement, and sustainable international cooperation.

Indonesia's Sharia capital market has experienced significant growth in the past decade, along with rising public awareness of Islamic economic principles and the adoption of digital technologies. This study aims to analyze the role of digital transformation in supporting the development of the Sharia capital market and to identify structural challenges, particularly in regulatory, financial literacy, and cybersecurity aspects. The methodology used is descriptive qualitative with a literature study approach, drawing on secondary data from reputable journals and official publications from OJK and the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results indicate that while technological transformation has opened significant opportunities such as increased financial inclusion and youth investor engagement, the Sharia capital market still faces serious challenges related to unadaptive regulations, cyber threats and low investor literacy. This study recommends synergy between regulators, industry players and educational institutions to strengthen a sustainable Sharia capital market ecosystem.