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This study aims to improve the quality of learning at SD Negeri 060915, Medan Sunggal District, through the implementation of a participatory learning approach using Participatory Action Research (PAR). The background of the study is based on the low level of student engagement in classroom activities and the teacher’s reliance on traditional lecture methods, which hinder active student participation. This classroom action research was carried out in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. Data were collected through observation, interviews, documentation, and formative assessments. The results showed that the participatory learning approach had a positive impact on increasing student engagement, collaboration in group work, and academic performance, as indicated by an increase in the average student score from 66.4 in the first cycle to 77.2 in the second cycle. Teachers also improved their role as facilitators, and the classroom environment became more interactive and student-centered. The study concludes that the participatory approach is effective in creating an active, collaborative, and meaningful learning environment in elementary education.

This study analyzes how actors and structures play roles in addressing environmental issues caused by waste transportation truck activities in Dukuh Promasan, Salatiga. The findings reveal that the local community is actively involved in collective efforts, such as cleaning the roads and reporting issues related to waste management. Although the community generally tends to be passive towards government policies, this research found that residents of Dukuh Promasan actively participate in mitigating the negative impacts of waste transportation, including problems related to noise, odor, scattered waste, and leachate. The study employs a qualitative descriptive method to examine the interactions among various actors, such as the Environmental Agency (Dinas Lingkungan Hidup), the Ngronggo landfill management, truck drivers, and the Dukuh Promasan community. It explores the social dynamics resulting from these interactions, particularly how community initiatives can influence waste management policies and practices. Moreover, the study identifies the challenges faced by the Environmental Agency in managing waste, such as limited funding and facilities, which negatively affect the efficiency of waste collection and processing. These findings highlight the necessity of policies that promote active community participation in waste management. This research is expected to provide insights into the relationship between community behavior and the waste management system, and to recommend a collaborative approach to enhance environmental sustainability in Dukuh Promasan.

This study aims to examine the relationship between gullibility and the bandwagon effect among binary option traders. Gullibility is defined as an individual's tendency to trust others excessively, even in the presence of cues suggesting dishonesty. Highly gullible individuals are more likely to follow group decisions without critical verification, making them susceptible to the bandwagon effect—a phenomenon in which people adopt behaviors simply because many others are doing the same. This research employed a quantitative correlational approach with 125 participants who were active binary option traders. Data were collected using validated gullibility and bandwagon effect scales. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between gullibility and the bandwagon effect (r = 0.520; p < 0.001). These findings indicate that the higher an individual's gullibility, the greater their tendency to be influenced by the bandwagon effect in trading decision-making.

This study aims to examine the role of Batik Anjani as an agent of local cultural preservation in Malang City, with a focus on the concept of agency within Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory. In this framework, an agent is understood as a social subject capable of acting reflectively and transforming their social environment. Batik Anjani, as a local batik industry actor, demonstrates initiative and awareness in preserving traditional values through production practices, motif selection, the use of natural materials, and community empowerment activities. Using a qualitative approach and case study method, this research analyzes how Batik Anjani actively makes decisions, formulates strategies, and constructs cultural meanings within the context of ever-changing socio-economic dynamics. The findings reveal that Batik Anjani does not merely fulfill an economic role but also acts as a cultural agent contributing to the sustainable preservation and reproduction of local cultural identity.

Crypto asset transactions in Indonesia have rapidly developed alongside financial technology advancements, yet they pose legal challenges concerning investor protection. Under Indonesian civil law, civil liability for investor losses may be based on Article 1243 and Article 1365 of the Civil Code, depending on whether the loss arises from a breach of contract or an unlawful act. Additionally, the Consumer Protection Act may serve as a legal basis in cases involving violations of consumer rights. However, the application of such liability encounters juridical obstacles, including the absence of specific regulations defining the legal status of crypto assets as legal objects, regulatory gaps regarding business actors’ obligations, and evidentiary difficulties due to the anonymous nature of digital transactions. In this context, regulatory reform is essential to establish legal certainty and effective investor protection. The regulation should include digital security standards, transparent risk disclosures, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Active roles of Bappebti and the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in oversight, as well as legal literacy for the public, are critical to creating a responsible and secure crypto asset trading ecosystem.

Conflict is a common dynamic within student groups, often arising from differences in background, perspectives, and communication styles. This study aims to analyze the role of communication in resolving group conflicts among students at the State Islamic University of North Sumatra. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, 36 active students with group work experience were selected as respondents through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. The results indicate that comfort in expressing opinions (61.1%) and willingness to listen (72.2%) are key indicators of effective communication. Nevertheless, 69.4% of respondents reported experiencing conflicts, mostly due to misunderstandings and ineffective communication (77.8%). Open communication, group discussions, and the active role of group leaders were found to significantly facilitate conflict resolution. However, satisfaction with conflict resolution was relatively low, with only 55.6% expressing satisfaction, indicating a need to enhance interpersonal communication skills and leadership roles. This study recommends strengthening a culture of open, honest, and participatory communication as a key to fostering harmonious and productive student group dynamics.

This study aims to analyze how the implementation of collaborative governance in the Nutritious Food Yard Program (P2B) strengthens community-based food security in Sidoarjo Regency. A qualitative approach with a case study method was used to explore the social dynamics in depth. The research was conducted in Kampung Edukasi Sampah, Sekardangan Sub-district, one of the active areas in P2B implementation. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis involving key stakeholders such as the Sidoarjo City Food and Agriculture Office, Sidoarjo Police Sector, village officials, farmer groups, and environmental cadres. The analysis applied the collaborative governance model by Ansell and Gash (2008), which includes five indicators: face-to-face dialogue, trust building, commitment to the process, shared understanding, and intermediate outcomes. The findings show that most indicators of collaboration have been realized, particularly in communication and trust-building aspects. However, some challenges remain, including the absence of formal agreement documents among actors, inconsistent communication, lack of program outreach, and overlapping roles between the police and related agencies. This research contributes to strengthening cross-sectoral collaboration models in community-based food security programs in urban areas.

This study is entitled "The Role of Parboru and Hula-Hula in the Settlement of Divorce Disputes in Batak Toba Customs". The main focus of this study is to analyze the role and position of Parboru (the woman's family) and Hula-Hula (the wife's family) in the divorce settlement process according to Batak Toba customs. This study also presents the dynamics of the interaction of the two elements in customary mediation, as well as how customary values ​​and norms are implemented to maintain the harmony and dignity of the extended family. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data obtained through interviews and library studies of relevant literature on Batak Toba customary law, Dalihan Na Tolu, and the role of Parboru and Hula-Hula in traditional ceremonies and the resolution of marital conflicts in Batak Toba customs. The results of the study indicate that Hula-Hula has a central position as a decision maker and mediator, while Parboru plays a role as a technical implementer, mediator, and balancer in the customary deliberation forum. The active involvement of both parties is very important to ensure that the divorce process runs according to customary norms and maintains the social harmony of the Batak Toba community. This study is expected to enrich the literature on Batak customary law and become a reference for students, the community, and customary leaders in understanding the importance of the role of kinship in resolving divorce.

Children are the next generation and the hope for the nation's future. However, not all children have the opportunity to grow up in a complete and supportive family environment. The Menara Kasih Indonesia Orphanage Foundation serves as a social solution for children who have lost their parents or are in a state of neglect. This research aims to examine how the background, social services, and caregiving patterns are implemented in this orphanage. The methods used were literature study, descriptive qualitative with observation, and direct interviews with the orphanage administrators and one of the children from the orphanage. The research results show that this orphanage applies a warm and supportive familial parenting style, where the staff actively play the role not only as parental substitutes but also as companions in the children's learning process. The caretakers help the children with their schoolwork and provide emotional support. However, in terms of funding and facilities, the Menara Kasih Indonesia Orphanage Foundation still has limitations.

The phenomenon of victim blaming remains a serious issue in various cases of violence, including family conflicts. Children who experience physical, psychological, or neglect-related abuse often face not only violence but also social stigma that blames them for their circumstances. From a victimology perspective, victim blaming against children in family conflicts occurs due to factors such as patriarchal culture, power imbalances within the family, and a lack of legal awareness regarding children's rights. This study employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach to examine the phenomenon of victim blaming against children in family conflicts based on victimology theory. The findings reveal that victim blaming in family conflicts manifests in various forms, including justification of violence against children, minimization of the harm caused, and denial of the perpetrator's role. The psychological and social impacts of this phenomenon are extensive, leading to anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and difficulties in forming healthy social relationships. To address this issue, active involvement from families, educational institutions, and child protection organizations is crucial in providing education and advocacy for children's rights. Additionally, victimology perspectives can be utilized to develop policies that support victims, prevent the recurrence of family violence, and minimize the practice of victim blaming against children.

Criminal liability is a form of imposing punishment on the perpetrator of a crime because of his/her unlawful actions. In other words, criminal liability determines whether a person will be acquitted or convicted of a crime that has been committed. This process involves the transfer of the existing punishment for the crime to the perpetrator. This research is a normative research. The results of the research show that Criminal liability for perpetrators who participate in the crime of murder, anyone who intentionally helps, plans, or plays an active role in murder can be held criminally responsible, either as the main perpetrator or as a participant (medeplichtige or medepleger). The sanctions imposed depend on the role and level of involvement of each perpetrator, in accordance with the principle of criminal responsibility and the element of error in criminal law. This must be reviewed carefully by the judge so that in making a decision on the defendant, it can have a deterrent effect on the perpetrator and not cause unrest for the victim's family regarding the decision handed down by the judge. The judge's decision to impose a light sentence on the perpetrator who participated in a crime that resulted in the death of a person shows an imbalance in law enforcement. This injustice can be caused by the judge's non-objective considerations, weak evidence, or lack of bias towards justice for the victim. This kind of decision risks weakening the deterrent effect and public trust in the justice system.

Compliance in paying taxes is a crucial element in maintaining the stability and sustainability of state revenues. Taxes as the main source of state financing require active participation from every Taxpayer in fulfilling their obligations. However, in practice, there are still many Taxpayers who experience obstacles in fulfilling these obligations, resulting in tax debt. This article aims to identify the types of tax debts that commonly occur in Indonesia and to analyze the legal and administrative consequences that can arise due to negligence or non-compliance in implementing tax obligations. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, by describing in detail the factual conditions based on secondary data and literature reviews. The results of the study indicate that tax debts can arise in various forms, including underpayment, late payment, or debts arising from audit results. The consequences faced by Taxpayers due to tax debts can be in the form of administrative sanctions such as interest, fines, and increases, as well as potential criminal sanctions if elements of intent or tax crimes are found. The conclusion of this article emphasizes the importance of understanding, awareness, and compliance of Taxpayers to avoid legal risks and financial burdens due to tax debts. The recommendations provided include the need to improve tax education for Taxpayers and optimize the role of tax authorities in providing guidance, supervision, and law enforcement proportionally.

In the digital era, anti-corruption law enforcement faces new challenges and opportunities. With the development of information technology, corrupt practices are increasingly complex and hidden, committing fraud and embezzlement by utilizing digital space. The use of advanced technologies such as big data analysis, artificial intelligence, and blockchain are some examples of how law enforcement can tackle corruption. In addition, this study investigates various ways in which the government, law enforcement agencies, and civil society can work together to improve transparency and accountability. It is expected to improve anti-corruption efforts by utilizing digital platforms to report and detect suspicious activities. The study found that adapting law enforcement to technological changes is important to uncover and stop corrupt practices in the digital era. In addition, public education is essential to building a stronger anti-corruption culture. To create a transparent government, the role of the media and public participation is very important to increase the accountability of officials for corrupt practices. This study aims to see how public participation and the media monitor corruption and to find methods that can improve such supervision. The methods used include literature research, reports, and policy articles. The results of the study indicate that taking an active part in reporting and monitoring can increase the accountability of public officials.

Social media is not merely a space for entertainment. It has become part of students’ daily lives. Through these platforms, various values, ideologies, and discourses on nationalism circulate constantly. This study aims to examine how far social media contributes to the internalization of Pancasila values and the formation of nationalist character among university students. This research used a descriptive quantitative survey method. A total of 50 students from various majors served as respondents. They completed a questionnaire distributed via Google Form. The results show that 90% of students actively use social media. About 72% claim to have a nationalist attitude, and 76% show social concern. However, only 42% apply Pancasila values in their daily lives. Participation in community activities and national discussions is relatively low. Furthermore, 64% of respondents expressed disappointment toward state institutions. This disappointment is influenced by exposure to issues such as corruption allegations and controversial national policies. From these findings, it is clear that social media can serve as an educational platform, but it may also become an entry point for a crisis of trust. The internalization of Pancasila values has not yet been fully effective. There is a gap between understanding and actual behavior.

The management of regional finances aims to realize good governance that includes efficiency and transparency in meeting public needs. Efficiency and transparency in the decentralization of financial management policy by the Financial and Asset Management Agency (BKAD) of Kupang City are key factors in ensuring proper regional financial management. This study uses an empirical research method. After data collection, the researcher categorized the data based on the sources and analyzed them. The results of this study indicate that Efficiency has not been fully achieved due to mismatches in budget allocation. Meanwhile, transparency remains suboptimal because the existing system often experiences disruptions, limiting open access to information. The most dominant inhibiting factor affecting implementation effectiveness is human resources (HR). In addition, dependency on central government funding hampers flexibility and independence in regional financial management. The study suggests that BKAD should conduct technical competency training and development for staff, the Kupang City Government should increase local revenue (PAD), and the public should actively participate in budget public consultations.

This study aims to find out the process of applying customary law sanctions of Wunis Peheng in resolving the criminal act of persecution committed by police and TNI personnel against a resident in Golo Poleng village, Ndoso District, West Manggarai Regency. In addition, it also aims to find out whether the customary sanction of Wunis Peheng in resolving the crime of persecution can provide a sense of justice for residents. This research is categorized as empirical juridical research. The empirical juridical approach aims to analyze problems using legal materials related to problems that occur in the field. Data collection techniques are carried out by means of observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The data that is processed and analyzed based on the formulation of the problem that has been determined is then presented in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of this study show that there are several stages in the process of applying customary sanctions of wunis peheng in the settlement of criminal acts of persecution, namely reporting cases of persecution to Tu'a Golo, summoning the parties involved in the persecution case, examination and verdicts of customary institutions, handing over Wunis Peheng from the perpetrator, Saying Traditional Prayers, Slaughtering ela (pigs). And several dimensions of justice in the provision of customary law sanctions, namely the rights of victims are fulfilled, restorative justice, and active participation of the community.  

This study examines the performance of the Banjarbaru City Personnel and Human Resources Development Agency (BKPSDM) in the recruitment of Government Employees with Work Agreements (PPPK). Using a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, this study evaluates performance based on five indicators: productivity, service quality, responsiveness, responsibility, and accountability. The results show that although BKPSDM has implemented a merit-based recruitment system through Computer Assisted Test (CAT), several challenges are still faced, such as technical constraints in the online system, limited formation quotas, and applicants' lack of understanding of administrative requirements. The research also identified supporting factors such as the regulatory framework, technology implementation, and the active role of BKPSDM in providing clear information to applicants. Recommendations include strengthening technological infrastructure, expanding socialization, optimizing complaint mechanisms, and proposing additional formation quotas to match regional needs.  

This study aims to analyze legal certainty in the post-acquisition integration process and its impact on the protection of shareholders' rights based on the Limited Liability Company Law (UUPT) and the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK). Using a normative legal approach and case studies, this study finds that the absence of specific regulations, weak supervisory mechanisms, and the lack of synchronization of corporate culture are the main factors causing integration failure and potential losses for shareholders, especially minority shareholders. To realize a fair and sustainable integration process, it is necessary to strengthen internal governance based on the principles of Good Corporate Governance (GCG), risk-based supervision, and external regulatory reforms that are more responsive to business dynamics. This study recommends the active involvement of authorities in regulating post-acquisition integration and the implementation of transparent and accountable evaluation mechanisms to protect the interests of all stakeholders. These findings contribute to the formulation of a fair and adaptive integration model in the Indonesian legal and economic environment.  

This paper aims to explain the importance of political literacy for Islamic boarding school students (santri) as a means to achieve Indonesia's golden age by 2045. This research focuses on qualitative methods with a literature study approach, focusing on primary data in the form of documentation, including books, journals, articles, and other literature related to political discussions and Islamic boarding school students. The results show that "santri" (literate people) or those seeking religious knowledge in Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) must possess broad insight and be tolerant of political apathy. Santri political awareness is essential for them to contribute to improving and strengthening Indonesia's political system with noble religious values. Santri involvement in politics also serves as a means to raise awareness as active citizens, strengthen nationalism, and make politics a form of service, not personal ambition. Politically literate students will be able to face various social and political challenges wisely and contribute to maintaining the nation's stability and progress. Therefore, a joint effort is needed to strengthen political education, both for santri and the general public, so that by 2045, Indonesia will have an intelligent, ethical generation ready to lead the nation towards a bright future.

Agreement is a legal relationship between two or more parties based on an agreement to give rise to legal consequences of rights and obligations for both parties. Cancellation of the agreement can only be done if it is known that there was an oversight, fraud, or coercion from one of the parties when making the agreement. Oversight, fraud, or coercion are reasons that can cancel the agreement. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of the cancellation of the cooperation agreement according to the Civil Code (KUH Perdata) and the legal remedies that can be taken by the parties as a result of the cancellation of the cooperation agreement. This type of research is normative legal research using a statutory approach. The results of the study show that the legal consequence of canceling the cooperation agreement is returning to its original position as it was before the agreement occurred. Meanwhile, the legal remedy resulting from the cancellation of the cooperation agreement is actively asking for the cancellation of the agreement which does not fulfill its subjective requirements in court or passively waiting for the opposing party to submit an annulment in court.