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The scope of pretrial authority is regulated under Article 77 of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), with an extension of authority introduced through the Constitutional Court Decision Number 21/PUU-XII/2014. The evidentiary process in pretrial proceedings is governed by Article 2 paragraphs (2) and (4) of the Supreme Court Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4 of 2016 concerning the Prohibition of Judicial Review of Pretrial Decisions. However, in practice, petitions for pretrial often address matters beyond this prescribed authority. Moreover, there remains a disparity in judicial reasoning across different judges, particularly with respect to the evaluation of evidence in the determination of a suspect.The legal issues examined in this study are: (1) whether the expansion of the pretrial authority’s scope has led to multiple interpretations among law enforcement officers, and (2) how the evidentiary process in pretrial proceedings aligns with the principle of legal certainty. This thesis employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings of this thesis reveal that the expansion of pretrial authority has indeed created multiple interpretations among law enforcement officials, owing to inconsistencies in pretrial decisions that result from judicial discretion. Furthermore, the evidentiary process in pretrial proceedings ought to be limited to the formal aspects of investigative or prosecutorial actions. Nevertheless, certain pretrial rulings have considered the substance and quality of evidence, and even assessed the conduct of the suspect. Such practices undermine legal certainty for justice seekers. Therefore, the Supreme Court should issue more concrete regulations concerning the scope of pretrial and the evidentiary standards applicable in pretrial proceedings.

This study aims to analyze the role of local values in the sustainable management of peatlands in Dayun Village, Siak Regency, Riau Province. The research applies a descriptive qualitative method using a normative-empirical approach. Findings indicate that although formal customary law structures are no longer present, local communities continue to apply traditional values in land management. Activities include sustainable watermelon farming, batik training using watermelon leaves, and processing agricultural products into local goods such as juices and watermelon-based snacks. Furthermore, educational tourism initiatives emphasize Malay cultural preservation, environmental awareness, and social revitalization. Community activities such as group exercises, outbound games, forest fire prevention education, and crafts training are led by the local tourism awareness group (Pokdarwis). These reflect a transformation of local values into tangible actions supporting ecological sustainability and community economic growth. The study also highlights the importance of local leadership and external collaboration in implementing these grassroots initiatives successfully.

Bandung Village has strong economic potential through the development of local handicraft business units and Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes), but in its financial management the village experienced a decline in Village Original Revenue (PADes) from IDR 100 million in 2023 to IDR 93 million in 2024. The decline in PADes is an important indicator that reflects possible inefficiencies or weaknesses in aspects of governance, particularly accountability. This paper aims to capture an evaluation of the accountability of the use of APBDes in Bandung Village, Banjar Sub-district, Pandeglang Regency in managing its budget. With a focus on its impact on the effectiveness of community empowerment. The research method used is a qualitative method with a case study approach. The research was conducted in Bandung Village, Banjar Sub-district, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province. Data was collected through interviews, observations, literature studies, and documentation using Policy Evaluation theory and Accountability theory. The results showed that from the analysis using evaluation theory, there were indicators that had not been met, namely adequacy and equity due to limited resources, namely funds provided by the central government. However, the analysis using accountability theory has fulfilled all indicators due to the strong commitment of the village government to advance the village. This accountability can be seen through reports on each program outcome and evidence of content uploaded on social media such as TikTok and Instagram.

Most people do not know the legal basis for resolving traffic accidents that result in death through restorative justice (peaceful, family). Such a wrong public perception will cause great harm to the government's efforts to develop in the legal field, among other things, it can raise confusing questions. This study is a contribution of researchers' thoughts to participate in solving one of the legal problems that have long occurred in society. The research used is juridical-sociological or empirical research with a legal research approach. This research is an in-depth interview. The data collected are verbal and nonverbal. The conversation is recorded in a notebook or recorded with a tape recorder. The data is processed, analyzed and interpreted in a juridical-descriptive manner to explain or describe the data obtained by providing a logical interpretation and confirmed by the opinions of experts. The results of the study indicate that the causal factors or reasons for peaceful resolution or restorative justice of traffic accident cases resulting in fatalities at the Kupang City Police Resort are public legal awareness, public tendency to prioritize peace and family, and police discretionary authority. The practice of restorative justice resolution of traffic accident cases resulting in fatalities is carried out through the stages of the Approach Stage, Mediation Stage, Agreement Making Stage, Agreement Implementation Stage, and Completion and Case Closed Management.

Online gambling is a form of cybercrime that utilizes information and communication technology, especially the internet, as a medium to commit gambling crimes. Online gambling as a form of cybercrime has become an increasingly widespread phenomenon in line with the rapid development of information and communication technology. Gambling that was previously only known conventionally is now transforming into the digital realm by utilizing the internet as the main media. This research uses a theoretical study of online gambling as cybercrime. This research uses a qualitative approach with an analytical descriptive method. The types of data used are primary data in the form of laws and regulations (ITE Law, Criminal Code), online gambling case documents, official police reports, as well as academic literature and scientific articles related to cybercrime and online gambling. Meanwhile, secondary data is obtained from observation of the investigation process and law enforcement carried out by the cybercrime unit in the police. The data collection technique uses Library Research to collect secondary data relevant to cybercrime legal regulations and theories. The data analysis technique uses qualitative analysis techniques with a descriptive approach. Online gambling is expressly prohibited by Indonesian laws and regulations, especially through Law No. 11/2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) and its amendments, such as Law No. 19/2016 and Law No. 1/2024. Article 27 paragraph (2) of the ITE Law prohibits any person from distributing, transmitting, or making accessible electronic information containing online gambling content, with imprisonment of up to 10 years and a maximum fine of IDR 10 billion in the latest amendment. In addition, the Criminal Code (KUHP) regulates gambling in general in Articles 303 and 303 bis, with criminal penalties that are also quite severe, although they do not specifically regulate online gambling. Law enforcement against online gambling faces various complex challenges. The existing regulations are still partial and not fully able to accommodate the cross-border and dynamic characteristics of cybercrime.Proof of online gambling cases relies heavily on electronic evidence that requires digital forensic expertise,such as imaging the perpetrator's device and server,as well as analyzing activity logs and electronic transactions

The problem of the legality of the agreement of the deed of debt and credit agreement into buying and selling requires legal certainty so that no one is harmed. Normative legal certainty is when a regulation is made and promulgated with certainty because it regulates clearly and logically. Clear in the sense that it does not cause doubt (multi-interpretation) and logical in the sense that it becomes a system of norms with other norms so that it does not clash or cause norm conflicts. Norm conflict arising from rule uncertainty can take the form of norm contestation, norm reduction or norm distortion. This research approach is descriptive analytical which describes legal events that occur as they are and conveys these conditions according to theory and legislation. The research method used in the research is empirical juridical which analyzes the Bandung District Court Decision Number: 162/PDT.G/2021/PN.BDG regarding the Legality of the Deed of Sale and Purchase Agreement as Collateral for Debt and Credit Due to Legal Defects. The results of this study show that; AJB, which should be a proof of transfer of land rights in a real sale and purchase transaction, in this case is used to guarantee debt repayment. This is a deviation from the function of the AJB, which is legally unjustified because it contradicts the principle of halal causa (Articles 1335 and 1337 of the Civil Code). Therefore, the AJB made does not meet the elements of a valid causa, and therefore can be canceled or even null and void.

Service quality is the level of excellence or specialty of a service that can meet the needs and expectations of the community. Public service is an activity carried out by the government and other institutions to meet the needs of community services in accordance with laws and regulations. This service can be in the form of public goods, public services, and/or administrative services. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of service in issuing Business Identification Numbers for micro businesses at the Pekanbaru City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Service Office and its supporting and inhibiting factors. This study uses a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques use interviews. Data analysis in this study was carried out using qualitative descriptive. The results of the study explain that the quality of service is already in the good category which is assessed from the transparency in the services provided where there is openness in the service process, services that are in accordance with the rules and there is ease in the service process. The principle of accountability in improving service quality to ensure that each service can be accounted for and provide services in accordance with the conditions that have been set. Community participation in improving services has been carried out well by providing services according to rights and balance. Supporting factors in improving service quality include the ability of employees to serve, the availability of supporting facilities and infrastructure, and the development of a better service system as part of improving services. While inhibiting factors include increased supervision and complicated bureaucracy in efforts to improve services.

The indigenous Nggolonio community gave land to newcomers (Dhajong) with the mandate that this land was only for making settlements, surviving and earning a living and not for other interests. However, the Dhajong community used this land for the construction of public facilities, the indigenous community of Nggolonio Village questioned the implementation of the mandate from their ancestors. The research used was empirical legal research with a qualitative approach. Data collection for this research was interviews and document studies. The results of the study indicate that the position of the customary rights of the Nggolonio Community against the rights of the Dhajong immigrant community, customary rights are the collective rights of the indigenous community to a certain area that is inherited from generation to generation. This right includes control and management of land and the natural resources above it. In the context of immigrant communities, access to and use of customary land is usually regulated by customary mechanisms that apply in the local community. This can involve the involvement of special agreements or land use permits that are mutually agreed upon between the indigenous community and immigrants. It is important to note that each indigenous community has different rules and mechanisms in managing relations between indigenous communities and immigrants. Therefore, a deep understanding of customary law and local practices in Nggolonio Village is essential to obtain an accurate picture of the status of customary rights of indigenous peoples and the rights of immigrant communities in the area.

A standard agreement is a form of standard contract that is drawn up unilaterally by business actors, without providing flexibility for consumers to negotiate the content of the clauses contained therein. This characteristic creates an imbalance in the legal position between business actors and consumers, which in practice is often used to include exculpation clauses or unilateral clauses that are substantively detrimental to consumers. In the context of Indonesian law, this form of contract has become a common practice in various sectors, ranging from financial services to electronic transactions, so the urgency of legal protection for consumers has become increasingly significant. This research aims to analyze and evaluate the form of legal protection for consumers in standard agreements, based on the provisions of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and related legal instruments, including implementing regulations and relevant jurisprudence. The research approach used is normative juridistic, with data collection methods through literature studies, normative analysis of laws and regulations, and an examination of several concrete case studies that illustrate imbalances in the legal relationship between consumers and business actors. The results of the study revealed that although normative legal protection has been regulated quite firmly, especially in the provisions regarding the prohibition of the inclusion of clauses that are detrimental or misleading to consumers, various structural and cultural obstacles are still found in its implementation. These obstacles include weak supervision mechanisms for business actors, limited consumer access to legal understanding, and suboptimal role of consumer dispute resolution institutions. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen regulations through more operational legal instruments, increase the capacity of supervisory institutions, and mainstream consumer legal literacy as a long-term strategy in realizing a fair, effective, and sustainable consumer protection system.

The phenomenon of victim blaming remains a serious issue in various cases of violence, including family conflicts. Children who experience physical, psychological, or neglect-related abuse often face not only violence but also social stigma that blames them for their circumstances. From a victimology perspective, victim blaming against children in family conflicts occurs due to factors such as patriarchal culture, power imbalances within the family, and a lack of legal awareness regarding children's rights. This study employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach to examine the phenomenon of victim blaming against children in family conflicts based on victimology theory. The findings reveal that victim blaming in family conflicts manifests in various forms, including justification of violence against children, minimization of the harm caused, and denial of the perpetrator's role. The psychological and social impacts of this phenomenon are extensive, leading to anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and difficulties in forming healthy social relationships. To address this issue, active involvement from families, educational institutions, and child protection organizations is crucial in providing education and advocacy for children's rights. Additionally, victimology perspectives can be utilized to develop policies that support victims, prevent the recurrence of family violence, and minimize the practice of victim blaming against children.

The Tigray conflict and the Ethiopian Government in 2020-2022 were mainly motivated by dissatisfaction with the policies of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. TPLF as a representative party of the Tigray ethnic group attacked the government until it received a counterattack that further prolonged the conflict situation. The conflict then sparked international attention, including China. China played a role in bridging the conflict resolution indirectly. This study aims to review the efforts made by China in helping to bridge the conflict resolution. The method used uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The study found that China fully used a quasi-mediation diplomacy strategy in an effort to resolve the conflict. China's efforts are reflected through personal identity and the results of the interactions that were established. China promotes the principle of non-intervention and regional resolution, even providing humanitarian assistance and sustainable development. China is not directly involved in maintaining national interests, both materially and socially, in the form of applicable relations and norms.

Managing budgets in public institutions is not merely a matter of calculating numbers, but also about ensuring that every rupiah spent generates a tangible impact on society. As public needs continue to grow, the Department of Population and Civil Registration (Disdukcapil) of Surabaya faces significant challenges in providing administrative services that are fast, accurate, and transparent. In this context, internal audits play a strategic role not only as tools for correcting errors, but also in ensuring that budget management is carried out wisely and effectively. This study aims to examine the role of internal audits in the budget management of Disdukcapil and their contribution to improving the quality of public services. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through documentation, interviews, and literature review. The findings are expected to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between internal oversight and the quality of public services in Surabaya.

This study aims to (1) determine the legal provisions regarding the execution of fiduciary guarantees based on Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantees, (2) determine the legal limitations in the execution of fiduciary guarantees against problematic credit based on applicable legal provisions. The type of research used is normative legal research, using a qualitative approach. The results of the study indicate that although normatively fiduciary execution can be carried out directly by the creditor based on a fiduciary certificate that has executorial power, in practice various obstacles arise. These obstacles include the unregistered fiduciary deed, imperfect agreements, debtor approval, to the decision of the Constitutional Court which guarantees the existence of a default agreement and court involvement if an agreement occurs. This study concludes that legal protection for debtors is getting stronger, but the effectiveness of fiduciary as a credit guarantee faces new challenges in its implementation.

This study aims to analyze the role of fitness development in shaping the discipline and physical resilience of students at UPT SPF SD Negeri 107405 Sei Rotan. The research is motivated by the importance of holistic character education at the elementary level, where fitness does not only focus on physical fitness, but mental formation and discipline. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study design, involving observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that structured activities, such as morning gymnastics, flag ceremonies, and scouting, succeeded in integrating the values of discipline, physical and mental resilience contextually. Students not only become fitter, but also show improvements in time discipline, cooperation, and resilience to challenges. This finding is strengthened by the testimony of teachers stating that routine habituation in the classroom creates a school culture that is conducive to character development. This study recommends the development of more creative and collaborative wellness programs involving parents and the community. The implications of this research provide a practical contribution to strengthening character education in elementary schools through a close approach.

The palm oil industry is a strategic sector that significantly contributes to Indonesia's economy through crude palm oil (CPO) exports. However, it is also prone to corruption practices, as revealed in the bribery case involving a judge in the handling of a CPO export trial. This scandal highlights corporate involvement in influencing court decisions for business interests and the weak law enforcement against corporations as the main perpetrators of criminal acts. This paper aims to analyze the chronology and modus operandi of the bribery, identify factors behind the weak corporate criminal liability enforcement, and formulate recommendations to strengthen the legal system to prevent similar cases in the future. The research method used is normative juridical with statutory and case approaches. The data is analyzed qualitatively to assess the effectiveness of regulations and the obstacles in implementing corporate criminal liability. This study is expected to contribute to reforming a fairer and more accountable legal system in strategic economic sectors.    

The main problem discussed in this research is how digital communication strategies through social media, especially Instagram, can be effectively utilized to build the brand image of halal cosmetic products amidst increasingly fierce competition in the beauty industry. Wardah was chosen as the object of study because of its success in positioning itself as a pioneer of halal cosmetics in Indonesia, with an approach that emphasizes Islamic values. This study aims to examine the role of digital communication strategies in shaping the halal brand image of Wardah cosmetic products through the Instagram platform. As one of the local brands that carries Islamic values, Wardah utilizes social media as the main means to reach consumers, especially the modern Muslimah segment. The approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative with content analysis method, which focuses on visual narratives, captions, audience engagement, and collaboration with influencers. The results showed that Wardah consistently displays content that represents the values of halalness, simplicity, and modern and professional Islamic beauty. Through an integrated communication strategy, Instagram is not only a promotional medium, but also a means of forming a strong brand image that is relevant to the identity of the target audience. The findings underscore the importance of visual and narrative communication in strengthening the positioning of halal products in the Indonesian cosmetics market.

Compliance in paying taxes is a crucial element in maintaining the stability and sustainability of state revenues. Taxes as the main source of state financing require active participation from every Taxpayer in fulfilling their obligations. However, in practice, there are still many Taxpayers who experience obstacles in fulfilling these obligations, resulting in tax debt. This article aims to identify the types of tax debts that commonly occur in Indonesia and to analyze the legal and administrative consequences that can arise due to negligence or non-compliance in implementing tax obligations. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, by describing in detail the factual conditions based on secondary data and literature reviews. The results of the study indicate that tax debts can arise in various forms, including underpayment, late payment, or debts arising from audit results. The consequences faced by Taxpayers due to tax debts can be in the form of administrative sanctions such as interest, fines, and increases, as well as potential criminal sanctions if elements of intent or tax crimes are found. The conclusion of this article emphasizes the importance of understanding, awareness, and compliance of Taxpayers to avoid legal risks and financial burdens due to tax debts. The recommendations provided include the need to improve tax education for Taxpayers and optimize the role of tax authorities in providing guidance, supervision, and law enforcement proportionally.

This study aims to explore in depth the impact of population density on the quality of life of residents in densely populated areas of Serang City, Banten Province. The background of this research is based on the phenomenon of increasing population numbers due to ongoing urbanization and migration, which directly affects the social, economic, and environmental pressures in urban areas. This research employs a qualitative approach using a descriptive method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with residents, community leaders, and local government officials, as well as field observations in areas with high population density. Secondary data were obtained from official documents such as reports from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and regional development planning documents. The results reveal that population density negatively affects access to basic services such as clean water, sanitation, education, and healthcare. Furthermore, it creates pressure on the living environment and reduces the comfort of residential spaces. Communities in high-density areas tend to face challenges in fulfilling basic needs adequately, which in turn impacts their overall well-being. This study highlights the importance of participatory and data-based urban planning, along with strong cross-sectoral coordination in providing social and environmental infrastructure. It is recommended that local governments develop adaptive policies in response to demographic dynamics to create livable, inclusive, and sustainable urban spaces. The findings of this research are expected to serve as a reference for future policy-making regarding the development of densely populated areas.

The rapid development of information technology has accelerated the transformation of public services in Indonesia toward digitalization. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness level of digitalization in administrative services at the Medan Amplas District Office. A qualitative approach was used, employing a literature review method by collecting data from books, scientific journals, policy documents, and institutional performance reports. The results show that the digitalization of administrative services in Medan Amplas District has improved service timeliness, cost and procedure transparency, and public satisfaction, with system adoption rates increasing from 30% to 65% between 2018 and 2022. Digitalization has also provided benefits in terms of time and cost efficiency, as well as enhanced staff productivity. However, several challenges remain, such as infrastructure limitations, uneven digital competencies among staff, regulatory inconsistencies, and organizational culture resistance to change. In conclusion, the digitalization of administrative services at Medan Amplas District has been effective but still requires continuous improvement in technical aspects, human resource capacity building, regulatory harmonization, and cultural change to achieve sustainable optimization of public services.

This study aims to identify the optimal model in the integration of philosophical disciplines in the structure of the educational program of “Public Administration” students, as well as explore the features of the management of educational strategies suitable for the training of civil servants. The main focus of this research is: 1) academic management strategies to overcome curriculum overlap due to the dominance of philosophical disciplines in public administration study programs; 2) adaptation of educational programs for public administration students to be in line with the needs of the world of work, both at national and international levels; 3) characteristics of internationalization of public administration education programs, especially in the context of academic mobility and adaptation of the Indonesian public administration system to global standards. This research uses the cultural-historical analysis approach, comparative method, structural-functional method, and expert evaluation to explore and analyze problems and develop solutions. The research findings show that the dominance of traditional philosophy courses in the curriculum is often ineffective in shaping the competencies needed in the world of work. The research identified three main challenges: saturation of the curriculum with theoretical courses, lack of connection between the curriculum and the practical needs of the working world, and low use of English in teaching key courses. To address these issues, this research proposes restructuring the curriculum through the integration of three disciplinary groups: applied logic, cultural studies, and applied political science. In addition, the implementation of a contextualized bilingual learning model is also considered as a solution to improve the relevance of the curriculum. The uniqueness of this article lies in its approach that combines philosophical studies with managerial strategies in curriculum design, complemented by empirical experiences from international and cross-institutional cooperation. This article offers a reinterpretation of the utilization of philosophy as a tool for the development of professional competence in public administration education, not just as an abstract worldview.