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The evolution of modern civil procedural law demands dispute resolution mechanisms that are responsive, efficient, and substantively just. In this context, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) particularly mediation and arbitration has transformed from a supplementary option into a central instrument within Indonesia’s dispute resolution architecture. This study aims to analyze the development of ADR from the perspective of modern civil procedural law, focusing on the normative status and practical efficiency of mediation and arbitration as pre-litigation mechanisms. The research employs a normative-juridical approach, analyzing primary legal sources (legislation, Supreme Court Regulations [PERMA], court decisions) and secondary sources (scholarly journals, books, policy documents). The findings indicate that mediation has been mandatorily integrated into civil procedure through PERMA No. 1 of 2016, functioning as a court-facilitated pre-litigation stage, while arbitration operates as a consensual out-of-court mechanism under Law No. 30 of 1999. Both mechanisms demonstrate clear efficiency in terms of time (resolution within weeks to months), cost (minimal to predictable), and the ability to preserve parties’ relationships through collaborative processes and procedural confidentiality. Nevertheless, implementation challenges remain, particularly concerning the availability of qualified mediators and public perception of ADR. The study concludes that ADR is no longer a marginal alternative but an integral pillar of modern civil justice, aligning with principles of procedural efficiency and substantive justice.

The rapid digital transformation in Indonesia has intensified the need for robust personal data protection, particularly through the mechanism of the Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) as stipulated in Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (PDP Law). This study employs a normative juridical and qualitative approach to examine the role of DPIA as a key instrument in identifying, evaluating, and mitigating privacy risks in high-risk personal data processing activities. The findings reveal that although DPIA represents a significant normative advancement, its implementation faces major challenges, including the absence of detailed technical regulations, limited institutional capacity, and insufficient data subject involvement. By comparing international best practices, this research highlights the urgent need to strengthen regulatory frameworks, enhance digital and privacy literacy, and develop a collaborative ecosystem to optimize the DPIA function. Normative recommendations are formulated to reinforce DPIA as a risk management tool and a safeguard for privacy rights, aiming to foster a secure and trustworthy digital ecosystem amid ongoing digital transformation.

The practice of leaking customer data by banks to third parties, such as Mata elang, raises serious problems in the context of personal data protection in Indonesia. This action not only threatens the individual's right to privacy but also has the potential to violate the legal provisions stipulated in Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection. This article aims to analyze the legal basis violated by this practice and provide a legal solution in an effort to protect customer rights. The formulation of the problem in this study is what form of legal violation of data leaks by banks to Mata elang and what is the legal enforcement mechanism. This study uses a normative legal method with a statutory and conceptual approach. Data were obtained through a literature study of relevant regulations and supporting scientific literature. The results of the analysis show that leaking customer data to third parties without valid consent is a violation of the principles of data processing in the PDP Law, especially regarding legality, transparency, and protection of data subjects. Banks as data controllers are responsible for the leak and can be subject to administrative, civil, or criminal sanctions. In closing, this study recommends strengthening internal bank regulations, strict supervision by regulatory authorities, and increasing legal awareness for customers. This effort is important to ensure the security of personal data and uphold the right to privacy in the banking system.

This study aims to analyze the legal responsibilities that can be imposed on online lending platform organizers for the misuse and illegal distribution of consumer personal data. With the rapid development of the online lending industry, the issue of protecting consumer personal data has become a very important issue. Misuse of personal data can have serious impacts on consumers, including identity theft and financial loss. Therefore, this study examines the forms of legal responsibilities that can be applied, such as administrative, criminal, and civil responsibilities, as well as the obstacles faced in their implementation. This study uses a normative approach with an analysis of applicable regulations, namely the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP), the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), and other related regulations. Data were obtained through a literature review covering relevant laws and regulations, journals, articles, and case studies. The results of the study indicate that online lending platform organizers can be subject to three forms of legal responsibilities. Administrative responsibilities include sanctions imposed by supervisory authorities such as the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and the Personal Data Protection Agency (BPDP). Criminal responsibilities can be in the form of imprisonment and fines for those who violate provisions related to personal data protection. Civil liability gives consumers the right to file a lawsuit for losses caused by a breach of their personal data. This study also identified various obstacles in implementing legal liability, such as lack of awareness of organizers, difficulties in supervision, and legal loopholes in user agreements.

Disputes over general election results (PHPU) at the Constitutional Court reflect the critical role of evidence in resolving electoral conflicts. However, in practice, there exists an imbalance in the evidentiary process between the disputing parties. This study aims to analyze such disparities using a normative juridical approach by examining laws and regulations, Constitutional Court decisions, and relevant legal literature. The findings indicate that evidentiary issues in PHPU are influenced not only by formal and material legal aspects but also by the political dynamics that accompany every electoral contest. Unequal access to evidence, disparities in evidentiary capacity among parties, and the Court’s limited ability to conduct active examinations exacerbate this imbalance. Additionally, political interests often influence perceptions of the independence of evidence and the objectivity of court decisions. Therefore, there is a pressing need to strengthen technical regulations on evidence, enhance the evidentiary capacity of disputing parties, and optimize the Constitutional Court’s role in maintaining balance in the evidentiary process. In conclusion, the imbalance of evidence in PHPU at the Constitutional Court stems not only from procedural weaknesses but also from the political interests surrounding the trial process. Reforming the evidentiary system is urgently needed to uphold the principles of electoral justice in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the impact of personal data protection on consumer satisfaction in online transactions in the marketplace. Along with increasing attention to privacy, consumers are increasingly demanding better data protection policies from marketplaces. This research uses a qualitative approach with in-depth interview techniques and content analysis of the privacy policies of several marketplaces in Indonesia. The results show that an effective data protection policy has a positive effect on the level of consumer satisfaction. The main influencing factors are policy transparency, consumer awareness, and their experience with personal data management. However, there is still a gap between existing policies and implementation in the field. Marketplaces that successfully manage personal data well can increase loyalty and competitiveness in an increasingly competitive market. The research also highlights the importance of educating consumers about their rights to personal data and the urgency for marketplaces to improve supervision and compliance with existing regulations. Overall, personal data protection not only fulfills legal obligations, but also becomes a differentiation strategy that increases consumer trust and strengthens marketplaces' position in the market.

The development of information technology has had a major impact on the personal data management system. In Indonesia, the enactment of Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection is a crucial step in guaranteeing individual privacy rights as part of human rights. This study aims to examine the form of legal accountability for personal data violations based on the provisions of the Law Number 27 of 2022. The method used is normative juridical with a statutory regulatory approach. The results of the study show that violations of personal data can be subject to sanctions in two forms, namely administrative and criminal. These sanctions are given to data controllers and parties proven to have violated the provisions, either due to negligence or deliberate actions. Although it has been regulated normatively, implementation in the field still faces a number of challenges, such as weak supervision, lack of legal literacy in the community, and unpreparedness of digital infrastructure. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen supervisory institutions, ongoing public education, and more responsive law enforcement mechanisms. This research is expected to contribute to the development of regulations and practices for personal data protection in Indonesia.

The rapid development of information technology in the digital era has presented new challenges in the protection of personal data. The government as the state administrator has a constitutional obligation to protect the rights of citizens, including the right to privacy. This study aims to analyze the form of government legal accountability in ensuring the protection of people's personal data amidst the increasing threat of information leaks and protection. The research method used is normative juridical with a regulatory-legislative approach as well as case studies and also the opinions of relevant experts. The research findings show that although there are legal instruments such as Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, the effectiveness of its implementation is still limited by a number of factors, including weak supervision. The results of the analysis show that although regulations such as the Personal Data Protection Law have been present, implementation in the field still faces various obstacles, both in terms of law enforcement, public digital literacy, and transparency of permits. The government has a responsibility not only normatively, but also factually to protect personal data through policies that favor the public interest. The government is required not only to form regulations, but also to carry out supervisory and enforcement functions effectively and accountably, and sustainably in order to protect fundamental rights. Therefore, the government's legal responsibility must be realized through consistent real actions in ensuring the security of personal data in the digital era.

The protection of personal data privacy rights has become a crucial issue in the digital age. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of digital applications in increasing public awareness regarding the importance of personal data protection and its legal implications. The research method employed is a literature study with a normative juridical approach, analyzing relevant laws and regulations on personal data protection, literature studies, and an analysis of the features of digital applications that focus on privacy education and control. The results of the study indicate that digital applications have significant potential in raising public awareness through the provision of easily accessible information, visualization of risks, and consent control mechanisms for data usage. However, their effectiveness heavily relies on intuitive interface design, clear and concise information delivery, and developers' compliance with personal data protection principles. This research recommends the need for more comprehensive regulations to ensure the quality standards and accountability of digital applications in educating the public about personal data privacy rights, as well as encouraging collaboration between developers, the government, and civil society organizations to create a safer and more privacy-aware digital ecosystem.