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Political reform in Indonesia has brought fundamental changes to the structure of state governance and the decision-making process within the executive branch. One of the instruments still frequently utilized by the President to formulate and direct national policy is the Presidential Instruction (Instruksi Presiden/Inpres). Although it is not classified as a formal regulation within the legal hierarchy, Inpres often has wide-reaching implications for the implementation of public policy. This study aims to critically analyze the legal status, function, and limitations of Inpres in the context of Indonesia’s post-reform government system. Using a normative-juridical approach and literature study of statutory regulations and policy documents, the research finds that the use of Inpres in several instances has extended beyond its administrative function and entered the domain of strategic policymaking, which ideally requires formal legislative processes. This raises concerns regarding accountability, transparency, and the limitation of executive power in a democratic rule-of-law state. The study recommends clearer regulation of the scope and function of Inpres to ensure alignment with political reform principles and good governance standards.

Pretrial is an important instrument in the Indonesian criminal justice system that serves as a control mechanism against arbitrary actions of law enforcement officials, especially in the determination of suspect status. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of pretrial institution in overturning invalid suspect determination and its impact on the protection of human rights and legal certainty. The method used is normative legal research with legislative approach and case study. The results of the study show that although pretrial has been strengthened through Constitutional Court Decision No. 21/PUU-XII/2014, in practice its effectiveness is still limited due to inconsistency of decisions, lack of access to investigation documents, and potential abuse by certain parties. Pre-trial decisions that invalidate suspect determinations have a substantive impact in upholding the principle of presumption of innocence and due process of law. However, in order for it to function optimally, reform of KUHAP, training of judges, digitization of the judicial process, and strong public oversight are required. Thus, pretrial can play a strategic role in maintaining substantive justice and the integrity of the legal system in Indonesia.

Police patrols at the Polsek level have a strategic role in maintaining public security and order through the implementation of preventive and repressive functions. The preventive function aims to prevent crime, while the repressive function focuses on law enforcement against violations. This research aims to analyze the implementation of the repressive function in Polsek patrol activities as a response to the dynamics of law violations in its jurisdiction. The type of research used is normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches. The results show that the effectiveness of repressive patrols is highly dependent on officer professionalism, technological support, and community synergy. In conclusion, the repressive function must be carried out proportionally, accountably, and humanistically. It is recommended that the police strengthen personnel capacity, evaluation systems, and data-based strategies to improve the effectiveness of law enforcement while building public trust in a sustainable manner.

This study aims to examine the role of law in poverty eradication in Indonesia through the analysis of regulations and implementation of government programs. With a descriptive qualitative approach based on literature studies, this study explores the effectiveness of books as an instrument of public policy. The findings show that the law has not functioned optimally as a tool for social transformation, tends to be administrative and not yet adaptive to the dynamics of poverty. Case studies in several regions such as Malang, Trenggalek, and Aceh Tamiang highlight weak coordination, data validation, and community participation. The main obstacles include limited local regulations, inaccurate targeting of assistance, and minimal legal-based supervision. Therefore, proactive, participatory, and contextual legal reform is needed so that poverty alleviation policies truly side with vulnerable groups. The law must be present not only as a norm, but as a structural force that guarantees distributive justice and social empowerment.

The dissenting opinion phenomenon in Decision Number 12/G/2021/PTUN.GTO reflects the tension between the principle of legality and administrative practice in the dishonorable dismissal (PTDH) of Polri members. This study aims to analyze the legal position of dissenting opinions in the state administrative judicial system and assess the extent to which PTDH decisions reflect compliance with the principle of legality and general principles of good governance. This research uses juridical-normative method with conceptual approach and case study. The results of the study show that dissenting opinions function as judicial control over the potential for abuse of administrative authority, especially when the legal basis for PTDH refers to circular letters that do not have the binding force of laws and regulations. It is recommended that the PTDH mechanism prioritizes the principle of due process of law to ensure justice and legal certainty for members of the National Police who are subject to administrative sanctions.

Interlocutory decisions and final decisions are two forms of court decisions that have strategic functions in ensuring the application of the principles of procedural justice. In Indonesian judicial practice, procedural irregularities, norm inconsistencies, and lack of transparency often occur which hinder the achievement of legal justice. This research aims to analyze the role and position of interlocutory decisions and final decisions in the Indonesian judicial system, and identify normative and practical obstacles faced in their implementation. The type of research used is normative juridical with conceptual and statutory approaches. The results showed that regulatory weaknesses, low quality of judicial consideration, and limited access to information were the main obstacles in realizing procedural justice. Therefore, it is recommended to harmonize procedural laws, increase the capacity of judges, and digitize open decisions to ensure effective, transparent, and dignified justice in the national justice system.

The Constitutional Court (MK) has a strategic role in maintaining the stability of the Indonesian constitutional system through its main function as a guardian of the constitution. This article aims to analyze the influence of the Constitutional Court on constitutional stability, both through legal testing of the 1945 Constitution, the resolution of authority disputes between state institutions, and through supervision of the implementation of elections. Using a normative juridical approach, this article reveals that the Constitutional Court has made a significant contribution in maintaining balance between state institutions, ensuring electoral justice, and upholding the supremacy of the constitution. Nevertheless, challenges such as the independence of judges and the implementation of judgments remain issues that require attention. This article recommends strategic steps to enhance the role of the Constitutional Court in strengthening the stability of Indonesia's constitutional system.

Settlement of land cases through mediation carried out by the Land Office of Boalemo Regency refers to Regulation of Agrarian Affairs Minister and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency Number 21 of 2020 concerning Handling and Settlement of Land Cases. Mediation as an alternative for resolving land cases, it is necessary to popularize "mediator". A mediator must know psychologically the condition of the parties, so that they feel comfortable and the problem is resolved comfortably. In addition, the mediator must have analytical skills and expertise in creating a personal approach for the parties involved in the dispute. The mediator must be able to understand and give a positive reaction to the perceptions of each party. The goal is to build good relationships and trust. The parties' trust in the mediator makes it easier to reach a consensus. The priority regarding the purpose and function of the mediator is to resolve land cases in order to resolve cases without creating new ones. The research method that the author uses in this study is the empirical juridical law method, empirical juridical law is a study in addition to looking at the positive legal aspects, it also looks at its application or practice in the field. Thus the empirical juridical approach is a legal research method that seeks to see the law in a real sense or it can be said to see, examine, how the law works in society. The results shows that the handling and settlement of land cases through mediation at the Land Office of Boalemo Regency Land Office is done and carried out based on the Agrarian Affairs Minister Regulation and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency Number 21 of 2020 concerning Handling and Settlement of Land Cases. Constraints faced in handling and resolving land cases through mediation at the Land Office of Boalemo Regency are in the form of juridical and non-juridical constraints. The juridical constraint is the technical instructions for the mediation procedure referred to by the regulation have not yet been published, while the non-juridical constraint is in the form of limited qualified human resources as mediators. Based on this, the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency in the future must make structured, systematic and massive improvements to the mediation process by immediately issuing technical instructions and improving the quality of human resources in terms of being a mediator through guidance, training and direction.