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Sanskrit verbs constitute a compelling object within linguistic research because of their semantic and structural complexity, which has not yet been widely explored. A proper understanding of Sanskrit verb usage can help prevent errors, especially among Hindus who use the language in cultural or religious contexts. Therefore, this research aims at analyzing the structure and semantic role of Sanskrit event verbs through the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach. The data sources were from three chapters of the Bhagavad Gita (Chapters IX, X, and XI). The data were gathered using documentation and systematic note-taking techniques, and subsequently analyzed through qualitative methods by implementing the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach conducted by Wierzbicka, supported by the semantic macroroles theory by van Valin and Lapolla. From this research, five Sanskrit event verbs were found in those chapters, namely cyavanti “to fall down”, pravartate “to develop”, vepamānaḥ “to tremble”, abhivijvalanti “to blaze”, and pratapanti “burns”. Further analysis showed that these event verbs can be classified into MOVE and HAPPEN types. In addition, the semantic macroroles of the Sanskrit event verb arguments found can be identified in the form of AGENT, PATIENT, EXPERIENCER, SOURCE, and THEME.

The advances in the movie industry have led to the rapid rise of streaming platforms, becoming increasingly popular among people. With countries around the world constantly producing movies, subtitles play an essential role in making films more accessible to a broader audience. Subtitling strategies can be defined as a translation practice involving the display of written text, usually at the bottom of the screen, to convey the original dialogues of the speakers and the information contained in the soundtrack. This study uses data from the lk21 website and analyzes it using Gottlieb’s subtitling strategies theory, which consists of ten specific methods for audiovisual translation: Expansion, Paraphrase, Transfer, Imitation, Transcription, Deletion, Dislocation, Condensation, Decimation, and Resignation. A descriptive qualitative approach was adopted in this study with observation, classification, and note-taking of each subtitle, suitable for the research, and describing the subtitling strategies applied in the movie. The findings show that seven strategies were applied in the Indonesian subtitles, namely paraphrase, transfer, condensation, imitation, deletion, dislocation, and expansion. Among them, paraphrase emerged as the most frequently used strategy, likely because figurative or culture-specific expressions in the source text often required adaptation to preserve their meaning for Indonesian viewers. On the other hand, expansion was identified as the least applied strategy, suggesting that the original dialogues rarely demanded additional explanation. Overall, the strategic use of these methods contributed to producing subtitles that were coherent, culturally adapted, and highly accessible to the target audience.

This study explores the metaphor of life in Colleen Hoover’s novel Reminders of Him, aiming to identify the types of linguistic metaphors and analyze the conceptual metaphors that underlie them. Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory, which classifies metaphors into structural, ontological, and orientational categories, this study highlights the role of metaphor as a cognitive tool, not merely a stylistic device. A qualitative method was employed, with data collected using AntConc software by focusing on parts of the novel containing the word “life.” The Metaphor Identification Procedure was applied to identify linguistic metaphors, which were then categorized based on the word class of the lexical units that were used metaphorically. The results of this study show four types of linguistic metaphors involving the noun “life”: nominal, verbal, adjectival, and prepositional. These forms portray life as a physical object, a process, a possessed attribute, or a container. These linguistic metaphors reflect eight conceptual metaphors, including five ontological metaphors (life is ownership, life is a container, life is an entity, life is air, life is a place) and three structural metaphors (life is a machine, life is a journey, life is a challenge). The diversity of these conceptual metaphors illustrates the rich representation of life in the novel.  

This study explores the metaphor of life in Colleen Hoover’s novel Reminders of Him, aiming to identify the types of linguistic metaphors and analyze the conceptual metaphors that underlie them. Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory, which classifies metaphors into structural, ontological, and orientational categories, this study highlights the role of metaphor as a cognitive tool, not merely a stylistic device. A qualitative method was employed, with data collected using AntConc software by focusing on parts of the novel containing the word “life.” The Metaphor Identification Procedure was applied to identify linguistic metaphors, which were then categorized based on the word class of the lexical units that were used metaphorically. The results of this study show four types of linguistic metaphors involving the noun “life”: nominal, verbal, adjectival, and prepositional. These forms portray life as a physical object, a process, a possessed attribute, or a container. These linguistic metaphors reflect eight conceptual metaphors, including five ontological metaphors (life is ownership, life is a container, life is an entity, life is air, life is a place) and three structural metaphors (life is a machine, life is a journey, life is a challenge). The diversity of these conceptual metaphors illustrates the rich representation of life in the novel.

This article aimed to investigate the types of code mixing in digital communication by applying Hoffmann’s theory on code mixing. The data sources of this article were three videos: “First Day of University,” “Traveling Alone to Singapore,” and “19th Birthday GLOW UP” on the Grandtastic YouTube channel. The data were derived from Grandis Tenar’s speech, which consist of code mixing. The data were collected through observation and documentation methods, utilizing note-taking techniques. A qualitative method was employed to analyze the collected data. The results demonstrate that Grandis Tenar often mixing languages, especially within sentences, indicating a natural and fluent use of the two languages. This pattern reflects not only her bilingual competence, but also a tendency to mix codes in her daily communication.

Nominal derivational suffixes are important to create new words, making communication more efficient. Nominal derivational suffixes can be found in novel, short story, or even animated movie. Some previous studies have focused only on written media, which limits the exploration of the use of nominal derivational suffixes in spoken language. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying the forms and the functions of nominal derivational suffixes found in the Elemental movie. To collect the data, this study applied documentation method and concordance technique. The data collected were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method. The data then presented using formal and informal methods. The findings highlighted there were thirty words with nine forms of nominal suffixes. This showed how suffixes contribute to word formation, character speech, and meaning, offering insights for future studies or learners.

Every song has an important meaning that the singer intends to communicate to the audience. To have a thorough understanding of the music you wish to express, you might delve into its connotative meaning. The aims of this study were to identify the types of connotative meaning from the lyrics in selected song albums by Maroon 5 “Red Pill Blues”. The data were analyzed uses descriptive qualitative method based on the theory proposed by Leech (1974). This study found 25 data, based on the theory used there are three categorize of connotative meaning from the data above namely; positive connotative, negative connotative and neutral connotative with positive connotation as a highest occurrence. The finding show that connotative meaning is becoming increasingly. Common and maybe as a suitable learning medium. This research will provide learning with deep understanding about the meaning of the word.