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Zunaida Nur’aini; Naya Deansita Maheswari; Shofa Saida Khusna; Elsa Dwi Auliya; Imam Nur Rohim +3 more

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2025 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

This research is motivated by the fact that effective sentences in historical articles can be a path to progressive learning. The article “Sejarah Dunia” (World History), October 2024 edition on sejarahkita.com, was chosen as the object of research because of its relevance as a medium that can provide historical information in a clear and interesting way. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of sentences in articles that are directed at history education, which not only focus on facts but also on the development of critical thinking skills. The method used is descriptive qualitative with listening and recording techniques. The author analyzes the sentence structure, word choice, coherence between sentences, and the chronological flow of the article using distributional and matching methods. The collected data will be tabulated to identify syntactic errors, accuracy of diction, and spelling. The findings show that the article contains a number of shortcomings in sentence structure, where the message conveyed is less clear. However, in some ways, the article also succeeds in conveying an informative and relevant history. This study will provide benefits and insights into effective sentences in historical articles to provide a basis for readers to understand various suggestions and models for progressive learning oriented towards critical thinking. In addition, this study also provides added value by preserving historical values through an easy and interesting presentation.

Zunaida Nur’aini; Naya Deansita Maheswari; Shofa Saida Khusna; Elsa Dwi Auliya; Imam Nur Rohim +3 more

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2025 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

This research is motivated by the fact that effective sentences in historical articles can be a path to progressive learning. The article “Sejarah Dunia” (World History), October 2024 edition on sejarahkita.com, was chosen as the object of research because of its relevance as a medium that can provide historical information in a clear and interesting way. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of sentences in articles that are directed at history education, which not only focus on facts but also on the development of critical thinking skills. The method used is descriptive qualitative with listening and recording techniques. The author analyzes the sentence structure, word choice, coherence between sentences, and the chronological flow of the article using distributional and matching methods. The collected data will be tabulated to identify syntactic errors, accuracy of diction, and spelling. The findings show that the article contains a number of shortcomings in sentence structure, where the message conveyed is less clear. However, in some ways, the article also succeeds in conveying an informative and relevant history. This study will provide benefits and insights into effective sentences in historical articles to provide a basis for readers to understand various suggestions and models for progressive learning oriented towards critical thinking. In addition, this study also provides added value by preserving historical values through an easy and interesting presentation.

Putri Naura Nadzifa Hasyim; Asep Purwo Yudi Utomo

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Bahasa 2025 Pusat riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Language acquisition is a fundamental aspect of early childhood development, particularly in learning color vocabulary, which plays a crucial role in cognitive, linguistic, and social growth. However, empirical data show that approximately 47.3% of Indonesian children aged 3-5 experience delays in recognizing colors, potentially hindering their overall language and cognitive development. This study aims to analyze the process of language acquisition in learning color vocabulary among children aged 3-5 years using a psycholinguistic approach, as well as to explore teaching methods employed by teachers at PAUD An-Najah Rowosari Tembalang, Semarang. A qualitative descriptive method was used, involving 20 children, teachers, and parents as informants. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results reveal variations in color vocabulary acquisition: 30% of children showed significant progress, 50% demonstrated good development, and 20% required intensive assistance. Influencing factors include home stimulation, teaching methods, and psychological aspects of the children. This research enriches psycholinguistic studies, supports the development of effective teaching methods, and provides guidance for parents and educators in fostering early childhood language development, especially in color recognition.

Muhammad Irsyad Hamid Nugroho; Tri Maria Hastuti; Dhenok Aurorra Candra Pradwipta; Widyadhana Benda S. Nismara; Yulian Akbar Rizki Nur Fazri +3 more

Student Scientific Creativity Journal 2025 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The Clash of Champions educational competition program by Ruangguru not only offered academic challenges but also provided a high level of verbal interaction, particularly in the use of expressive speech. This study aims to analyze the use of expressive speech in the program, focusing on episodes one to five. Expressive speech refers to utterances that convey the speaker's emotions, such as praise, gratitude, or apologies. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive, utilizing a data-collection technique based on assent with a derivative of participant observation. Data analysis is conducted using the pragmatic method to identify the types of expressive speech present. The study also used pragmatic approaches to describe the speech of others as well as that of expressive speech. The study indicates that there are eight types of expressive speech, including acts of flattery, praise, gratitude, belittlement, guilt, complaint, and apology. Flattering speech is found to be the most dominant, providing emotional support for the competition participants. It is hoped that this study will contribute to a better understanding of language use in educational and competitive contexts, fostering a positive and supportive atmosphere in the learning process.

Atiya Najal Aufa; Hikmatul Amelia; Rahma Safitri; Yolanda Pretty Nazhifa Hanun; Angelica Hexa Trinita Pandiangan +3 more

Dinamika Pembelajaran : Jurnal Pendidikan dan bahasa 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

With advancements in technology, communication has become easier and more effective, especially through digital media. In the context of education, videos serve as a valuable source of information. This study aims to analyze the use of representative speech acts in the video "Understanding Accounting Without Memorization" on the Akuntan Tampan YouTube channel as a learning resource for students. Representative speech acts function to convey information clearly and convincingly. The approach used in this study is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques involving observation and note-taking from the video released on December 10, 2016. The researcher analyzes the patterns of speech acts used in the video, identifying types of representative speech acts that serve to explain accounting concepts in a simple and comprehensible manner for the audience, particularly for students. The analysis results indicate that there are 50 representative speech acts employed to reinforce information and aid in the understanding of accounting concepts without relying on complicated memorization methods. This research is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the utilization of speech acts in digital educational content. Furthermore, the findings of this study may serve as a reference for educators in enhancing the quality of learning, particularly in presenting complex material more effectively and engagingly for students.

Alya Luthfi Ghani; Azhar Aji Winanda; Dina Handayani Safila Putri; Indri Triani; Mesya Viola Dwi Cahyani +3 more

Jurnal Ilmuan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris 2025 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

Speech acts must be done by everyone in everyday life. Speech act must be adjusted to the context of speech. It is expected that speakers understand various types of speech acts. This article aims to study directive speech acts in independent curriculum learning videos on the Inspirasi Guru Youtube channel in order to add insight and providing resources for researchers and readers. This research is conducted so that writers and readers can convey speech properly and correctly according to the context of speech. This research uses a pragmatic approach and analyzes by identifying speech acts, especially directive speech acts in independent curriculum learning videos contained in the Inspirasi Guru Youtube channel. The data information taken is a video that contains types of directive speech acts in independent curriculum learning. This research is using qualitative descriptive methods and pragmatic methods. The data collection technique uses listening and recording techniques. After the research in the learning video of the independent curriculum on the Inspirasi Guru youtube channel, it was found that there were various types of directive speech acts including directive speech acts of inviting, asking, ordering, charging, urging, suggesting, commanding, giving signals, forcing. The results of the analysis of this article are expected to add insight and can be a reference material for analyzing speech acts, especially directive speech acts, it is also expected that writers and readers able to speech in all situations boldly, well, and of course correctly.

Andini Bella Pertiwi; Dita Idmania; Octa Surya Pradana; Rizkamalia Ciptarini Mega Gustami; Salsabila Zain Syafa +2 more

Dinamika Pembelajaran : Jurnal Pendidikan dan bahasa 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This study aims to identify and explain errors in the structure, function, and role of language in news texts on digital platforms. This research is useful to know how to classify sentences and improve sentence structuring, and then the results of the research can be used in Indonesian language learning in grade IX junior high school. The method used is the descriptive qualitative method. The method analyzes language errors, such as analyzing keywords, grammatical error analysis, and semantic error analysis. The data used in the analysis uses descriptive methods so that it can be done in this study describes the data in the form of several sentences in the Kompas digital news text that contains words that are less understandable to junior high school students in grade IX, it can affect students in critical reading analyzing these errors, this article also provides improvements. These errors need to be overcome so that in the future the same language errors will not be repeated. Efforts that can be made to overcome Indonesian language errors at the level of spelling are to improve mastery of Indonesian language rules.

Muchammad Akbar Ibrani; Angelica Hexa Trinita Pandiangan; Titis Abhirama Reswara; Moch. Yusuf Ilham Noer; Haula Inayatul Ilahiyah +2 more

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

Understanding sentence function patterns plays a major role in reading a novel, especially in class XII. By studying the understanding of sentence function patterns, class XII students can understand the important role of sentence function patterns in a novel. This research aims to be an informative and interesting learning resource for class XII students to use novels as enrichment material and improve their language skills. This research considers the function patterns of sentences in the novel "Pulang" by Tere Liye and the feasibility of sentence readability as enrichment material for class XII students. The method used in this research is a qualitative-descriptive method. Qualitative descriptive methods do not rely on evidence-based systematic logic, numerical principles, or statistical methods. This research helps determine the function patterns of sentences through the functions, categories, and roles of sentences in the novel, as well as the data and data sources in this research in the form of collections of sentences in the novel "Pulang" by Tere Liye. The data analysis technique used in this research uses the AGH method. The results of this research found sentence function patterns in the novel "Pulang" by Tere Liye. There are two S-P sentence patterns; there are three S-P-O sentence patterns; there are three S-P-Pel sentence patterns; there are four S-P-O-Pel sentence patterns; there are three S-P-K sentence patterns; there are four S-P-O-K sentence patterns; there are five S-P-O-Pel-K sentence patterns; and there are five S-P-O-Pel-K sentence patterns. Analysis of sentences based on function found the following sentence function patterns: S, P, O, and K. Analysis of sentences based on categories found in sentences is as follows: Function S is in the noun category. Function P is categorized as an adjective or verb. Function O is in the noun category. Ket functions are categorized as verbs, adjectives, and verb phrases. The analysis of sentences based on the roles found in the sentences is as follows: S's function is to act as an actor. Function P acts as a command or action. Function O acts as a sufferer. The functions of information are time, nature, and circumstances. Apart from that, the sentence function patterns in the novel "Pulang" by Tere Liye are suitable as enrichment material for class not good, accuracy in finding sentence function patterns, inaccuracy in finding sentence function patterns, accuracy in preparing sentence function patterns, inaccuracy in preparing sentence function patterns, effectiveness in reading story text narratives in novels, and ineffectiveness in reading story text narratives in novels. The results of this research can provide knowledge and insight into an understanding of In this research, understanding sentence function patterns for class XII students is very important to ensure that the teaching materials presented can be understood and applied by the class.

Muchammad Akbar Ibrani; Angelica Hexa Trinita Pandiangan; Titis Abhirama Reswara; Moch. Yusuf Ilham Noer; Haula Inayatul Ilahiyah +2 more

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

Understanding sentence function patterns plays a major role in reading a novel, especially in class XII. By studying the understanding of sentence function patterns, class XII students can understand the important role of sentence function patterns in a novel. This research aims to be an informative and interesting learning resource for class XII students to use novels as enrichment material and improve their language skills. This research considers the function patterns of sentences in the novel "Pulang" by Tere Liye and the feasibility of sentence readability as enrichment material for class XII students. The method used in this research is a qualitative-descriptive method. Qualitative descriptive methods do not rely on evidence-based systematic logic, numerical principles, or statistical methods. This research helps determine the function patterns of sentences through the functions, categories, and roles of sentences in the novel, as well as the data and data sources in this research in the form of collections of sentences in the novel "Pulang" by Tere Liye. The data analysis technique used in this research uses the AGH method. The results of this research found sentence function patterns in the novel "Pulang" by Tere Liye. There are two S-P sentence patterns; there are three S-P-O sentence patterns; there are three S-P-Pel sentence patterns; there are four S-P-O-Pel sentence patterns; there are three S-P-K sentence patterns; there are four S-P-O-K sentence patterns; there are five S-P-O-Pel-K sentence patterns; and there are five S-P-O-Pel-K sentence patterns. Analysis of sentences based on function found the following sentence function patterns: S, P, O, and K. Analysis of sentences based on categories found in sentences is as follows: Function S is in the noun category. Function P is categorized as an adjective or verb. Function O is in the noun category. Ket functions are categorized as verbs, adjectives, and verb phrases. The analysis of sentences based on the roles found in the sentences is as follows: S's function is to act as an actor. Function P acts as a command or action. Function O acts as a sufferer. The functions of information are time, nature, and circumstances. Apart from that, the sentence function patterns in the novel "Pulang" by Tere Liye are suitable as enrichment material for class not good, accuracy in finding sentence function patterns, inaccuracy in finding sentence function patterns, accuracy in preparing sentence function patterns, inaccuracy in preparing sentence function patterns, effectiveness in reading story text narratives in novels, and ineffectiveness in reading story text narratives in novels. The results of this research can provide knowledge and insight into an understanding of In this research, understanding sentence function patterns for class XII students is very important to ensure that the teaching materials presented can be understood and applied by the class.

Zulfatun Ni’mah Sabila; Nanda Hanifa Qurotta A’yun; Isna Vardianawati; Riri Kumalasari; Asep Purwo Yudi Utomo +2 more

International Journal of Educational Development 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

A directive speech act is one of the types of speech acts intended by the speaker so that the speech partner takes action according to what is stated in his speech. The main problems in this study are (1) what are the directive speech acts contained in the learning videos on the Indonesian MKU playlist from the UNNES TV channel? And (2) what is the function of the directive speech act contained in the video. This study aims to determine the types of directive speech acts and their functions in learning videos on the Indonesian MKU playlist from the UNNES TV channel. This type of research includes qualitative descriptive research designed through data analysis research with qualitative methods which aims to describe and provide information about the problem under study by collecting data through documentation techniques. The results showed that there were four types of directive speech acts in the Indonesian MKU learning video, namely (1) direct speech acts with imperative mode, asking, soliciting, compulsion, request or request, asking and commanding; (2) Indirect speech acts with the mode of suggesting, asking, and requesting; (3) The literal speech act contains the same meaning and purpose of the speech; (4) Non-literal speech acts contain speech intentions that are different from the meaning or what is conveyed by the speaker to the speech partner. The directive speech act functions contained in the Indonesian MKU learning video include; (1) pleading, (2) asking, (3) suggesting, (4) ordering, and (5) inviting.

Natasya Kusumaningtyas; Aulia Umi Pertiwi; Khusni Zihrotun Umniyah; Khoirin Nada Lutfiyatul Muna; Asep Purwo Yudi Utomo +2 more

Dinamika Pembelajaran : Jurnal Pendidikan dan bahasa 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

One thing that will always be present in a communication process is speech acts. As something that is always present in the communication process, speech acts will always involve speakers, listeners, and what will be discussed. Speech acts are linguistic studies that aim to convey the intent and purpose of the speaker to the speech partner. This study will examine the speech acts contained in Indonesian language learning videos. The speech acts to be analyzed are focused on locutionary speech acts. The data source used is Indonesian learning videos on the BimBel Smart YouTube channel. The data used is in the form of utterances in the video which are included in the type of locutionary speech act. The type of research used in this research is qualitative research with pragmatic methods with data collection techniques in the form of listening and note-taking techniques. The data found were 31 locutionary speech acts in 5 different Indonesian language learning videos contained on the BimBel Smart YouTube channel. By conducting this analysis, it is hoped that readers can obtain information about locutionary speech acts in Indonesian language learning videos, especially those contained on the BimBel Smart YouTube channel.

Amrina Rosyada; Aminatul Fitroh; Erina Hidayah; Nurul Lisa Kusumaningrum; Salma Dian Ramadhan +2 more

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

Currently, many learning videos are available on various social media platforms. It is hoped that each video will achieve existing learning objectives and enable students to understand and implement the results of their learning activities well.  This research aims to examine and explain the types and forms of illocutionary speech acts found in several learning videos and evaluate whether the speech acts in these videos support the development of Indonesian language literacy and speaking skills in giving speeches.  Illocutionary speech acts relate to the power effect obtained by the audience of an utterance uttered by the speaker.  This research article uses a theoretical approach, namely a pragmatic approach with an analysis of the types and forms of illocutionary speech acts.  In this research, qualitative descriptive methods were used to analyze related data.  Data was obtained from six speech learning videos on the YouTube channel, and the data collection technique involved proficient free-involved listening (SBLC) and note-taking techniques.  Researchers watched videos about learning speech texts on the Literacy for Indonesia YouTube Channel, then took notes and recorded utterances that contained illocutionary utterances.  The data analysis technique uses matching and high techniques to study the form and type of illocutionary speech.  From the data analysis that has been carried out, it was found that there are assertive utterances giving testimony and stating, directive utterances giving advice and ordering, expressive utterances containing prayers and hopes, and commissive utterances offering and promising.  It is hoped that the results of the analysis in this article will increase deeper understanding and knowledge regarding illocutionary speech acts and their use, knowledge about their types, as well as guide educators and online learning material creators to increase learning effectiveness.

Amrina Rosyada; Aminatul Fitroh; Erina Hidayah; Nurul Lisa Kusumaningrum; Salma Dian Ramadhan +2 more

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

Currently, many learning videos are available on various social media platforms. It is hoped that each video will achieve existing learning objectives and enable students to understand and implement the results of their learning activities well.  This research aims to examine and explain the types and forms of illocutionary speech acts found in several learning videos and evaluate whether the speech acts in these videos support the development of Indonesian language literacy and speaking skills in giving speeches.  Illocutionary speech acts relate to the power effect obtained by the audience of an utterance uttered by the speaker.  This research article uses a theoretical approach, namely a pragmatic approach with an analysis of the types and forms of illocutionary speech acts.  In this research, qualitative descriptive methods were used to analyze related data.  Data was obtained from six speech learning videos on the YouTube channel, and the data collection technique involved proficient free-involved listening (SBLC) and note-taking techniques.  Researchers watched videos about learning speech texts on the Literacy for Indonesia YouTube Channel, then took notes and recorded utterances that contained illocutionary utterances.  The data analysis technique uses matching and high techniques to study the form and type of illocutionary speech.  From the data analysis that has been carried out, it was found that there are assertive utterances giving testimony and stating, directive utterances giving advice and ordering, expressive utterances containing prayers and hopes, and commissive utterances offering and promising.  It is hoped that the results of the analysis in this article will increase deeper understanding and knowledge regarding illocutionary speech acts and their use, knowledge about their types, as well as guide educators and online learning material creators to increase learning effectiveness.

Safinda Fitriana; Salahuddin Al Ayubi; Lalitta Octavia; Naura Putri; Evi Nur Mala Sari +2 more

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

The focus of this study is on the illocution of the anecdote text in the learning module of the Class X Indonesian High School Language Learning module compiled by Indri Anatya Permatasari. The existence of this study is used as a basis for explaining the intent of anecdotal texts as well as raising some issues around the community to be understood wisely through understanding the intent of anecdotal texts. In addition, the study also aims to provide an understanding of the classification of illocution speech in anecdotal text in the Indonesian language learning module of class X SMA compiled by Indri Anatya Permatasari. The methods used in this study are two, namely descriptive and qualitative, and use a pragmatic theoretical approach. The data used is in the form of anecdotal text in the X class of the Indonesian language learning module, which is then analyzed according to the classification of illocution speech. The data source in this study is anecdotal text in the learning module. The data collection for this study uses a listening or reading technique and notes. In his data analysis, use agility and body techniques. As for data presentation, it uses formal and informal techniques. The results of the data analysis found the action of assertive, directive, expressive, declarative, and commissive illocumentation. The most-finding data is assertive illocution speech, while the least is commissionive illocution speech. Hopefully, this article can provide an understanding of the classification of illocution speech in anecdotal text in a learning module.

Safinda Fitriana; Salahuddin Al Ayubi; Lalitta Octavia; Naura Putri; Evi Nur Mala Sari +2 more

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

The focus of this study is on the illocution of the anecdote text in the learning module of the Class X Indonesian High School Language Learning module compiled by Indri Anatya Permatasari. The existence of this study is used as a basis for explaining the intent of anecdotal texts as well as raising some issues around the community to be understood wisely through understanding the intent of anecdotal texts. In addition, the study also aims to provide an understanding of the classification of illocution speech in anecdotal text in the Indonesian language learning module of class X SMA compiled by Indri Anatya Permatasari. The methods used in this study are two, namely descriptive and qualitative, and use a pragmatic theoretical approach. The data used is in the form of anecdotal text in the X class of the Indonesian language learning module, which is then analyzed according to the classification of illocution speech. The data source in this study is anecdotal text in the learning module. The data collection for this study uses a listening or reading technique and notes. In his data analysis, use agility and body techniques. As for data presentation, it uses formal and informal techniques. The results of the data analysis found the action of assertive, directive, expressive, declarative, and commissive illocumentation. The most-finding data is assertive illocution speech, while the least is commissionive illocution speech. Hopefully, this article can provide an understanding of the classification of illocution speech in anecdotal text in a learning module.

Benedikta Agusta Kandam; Winna Widyadhana; Mei Ismiyanti; Ikhwan Abdul Aziz; Rizqi Ardiansyah +2 more

Publikasi Para ahli Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of speech. One of the pragmatic materials is analyzed in this research, namely elocutionary speech acts. Locutionary speech acts themselves are speech acts with the intention of completing something. The thing that underlies this research is the researcher's curiosity about the application of illocutionary speech acts in a speech. This research aims to determine and describe the form of illocutionary speech acts in a news text learning video on Revi Nurmeyani's YouTube channel. The approach used to research this research is to use a theoretical and methodological approach, the theoretical approach used is a pragmatic approach while the methodological approach used is a qualitative descriptive approach. The data source used is speech in Revi Nurmeyani's news text learning video. Data collection was carried out using the matching and sharing method. The results of the analysis are presented using informal methods. The research results found locutionary speech acts in the parts of inviting, informing, explaining, asking and reminding with a total of 76 data taken from the data source, namely Revi Nurmeyani's YouTube channel, discussing news text material. This research can be used as reference material for understanding locutionary speech act material in pragmatics, besides that it can also be used as supporting material or examples for further research related to pragmatic material, especially regarding locutionary speech acts.

Sunaryo Sunaryo; Ikhwan Abdul Aziz; Rizqi Aji Wirastomo; Arif Mansurrudin; Wahyu Hari Winarno +1 more

Journal of Creative Student Research 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The syntax studied has three scopes: phrases, clauses, and sentences. There are many problems regarding how to differentiate and classify clauses. Not a few equate between phrases and clauses. A collection of several words contains a clause if some of these words have subject and predicate elements, while a phrase means several words consisting of at least one predicate element without any subject element or can be said to be the opposite of a clause. The purpose of this article is to share knowledge about the grouping of clauses and provide examples of each sentence in the procedure text so that the benefits based on this analysis are expected to open and increase knowledge and broaden horizons for writers and readers so that readers can interpret and classify clauses based on analysis. the syntax. The results of the analysis in this article are expected to be useful for students and the wider community regarding language learning because it provides a lot of knowledge related to the grouping of clauses and the types of clauses in procedure texts in Buku Bahasa Indonesia Kelas VII SMP Kurikulum Merdeka. In the research context, methods and methodology are described and will be explained through a qualitative descriptive methodological approach. Qualitative methods aim to seek an in-depth understanding of symptoms and facts.