Analisis Hukum terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Korupsi yang Dilakukan Secara Bersama-Sama oleh Aparatur Sipil Negara: Perspektif Kriminologi

Corruption is an extraordinary crime that significantly affects state stability, particularly when it involves civil servants (Aparatur Sipil Negara/ASN). Collective corruption reflects a structured pattern of organized crime within the bureaucratic system. This study aims to analyze the causative factors, modus operandi, and law enforcement constraints related to corruption committed collectively by civil servants. This research employs a normative legal method using conceptual and case approaches through the analysis of the Corruption Court Decision Number 25/Pid.Sus-TPK/2025/PN Mdn. The analysis is based on judicial considerations and legal facts revealed in the decision, which are examined through a criminological perspective. The results indicate that collective corruption by civil servants is influenced by internal and external factors reflected in judicial reasoning, including structural opportunities, weak supervision, and a permissive bureaucratic culture. The modus operandi involves hierarchical collaboration through budget manipulation, price mark-ups, and procurement fraud within the framework of participation (deelneming). Law enforcement constraints include aspects of legal substance, structure, and culture. Therefore, comprehensive legal policies are required through regulatory reform, institutional strengthening, and modernization of supervisory systems.