Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi pada Kejahatan Lingkungan Hidup Berbasis Nilai Keadilan Restoratif

Environmental crimes committed by corporations cause broad ecological, social, and economic impacts on society and environmental sustainability. However, the system of corporate criminal liability in Indonesia still tends to rely on a retributive approach through fines and imprisonment of corporate managers. This approach is considered ineffective because it has not been able to restore environmental damage and fulfill the rights of affected communities. This study aims to analyze the weaknesses of corporate criminal liability in environmental crimes and reconstruct a restorative justice-based model of criminal responsibility. This research employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results indicate that the reconstruction of corporate criminal liability should focus on environmental restoration through ecological rehabilitation mechanisms, compensation for affected communities, ecological penal mediation, and independent environmental audits. The restorative justice approach provides opportunities for corporations to take concrete responsibility for the environmental damage they cause so that environmental law enforcement is not merely punishment-oriented, but also aimed at environmental recovery and social justice.