Dari Pengawasan Rutin Hingga Wabah Mematikan: Dinamika Spatiotemporal, Kesenjangan Diagnostik, dan Pola Kematian Malaria di Daerah Endemik dan Dataran Tinggi Terpencil di Indonesia

Emanuela Nirmala ; Robby Kayame ; Christine P.A. Korwa ; Meidy Johana Imbiri ; Hardiyanti Hardiyanti ; Wahyuni Salewe ; Anwar Mallongi
DIAGNOSA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan dan Keperawatan 📅 2026 Vol 4, No 1 🔗 DOI: 10.59581/diagnosa-widyakarya.v4i1.6086
Abstract
Background: Malaria transmission in Indonesia exhibits substantial spatial and temporal heterogeneity, particularly between stable endemic areas and remote outbreak-prone areas. Although routine surveillance is crucial for malaria control and elimination efforts, its limitations can obscure early warning signals, particularly in geographically isolated areas. Objective: This study aimed to analyze malaria epidemiology by integrating routine surveillance data from endemic primary health care settings with results from high-mortality outbreak investigations in remote highland districts in Indonesia, focusing on temporal trends, spatial clustering, Plasmodium species patterns, diagnostic gaps, and mortality. Methods: A mixed epidemiology approach was used. A retrospective longitudinal analysis of routine malaria surveillance data was conducted for the period 2023–2025 in endemic settings, while a cross-sectoral outbreak investigation was conducted in remote highland districts. Descriptive analyses were conducted to assess trends, demographic characteristics, species distribution, spatial heterogeneity, case detection methods, and outbreak-related mortality. Results: Routine surveillance data revealed fluctuations in malaria transmission, with a significant decline in cases in 2024 followed by a sharp increase in 2025. Conversely, outbreak investigations documented high case fatality rates, particularly affecting children and older adults, caused by delayed diagnosis, limited diagnostic capacity, and limited access to timely treatment. Conclusions: These results highlight the dynamic and context-dependent nature of malaria epidemiology in Indonesia. Integrating routine surveillance with outbreak investigations provides a comprehensive understanding of endemic trends and systemic vulnerabilities. Strengthening adaptive surveillance, improving diagnostic capacity, and implementing spatially targeted interventions are crucial for preventing outbreaks and reducing malaria-related mortality, particularly in remote and high-risk areas.
Keywords
Indonesia; Malaria Outbreak; Malaria Surveillance; Plasmodium Vivax; Spatial Heterogeneity
How to Cite

Emanuela Nirmala, et al. (2026). Dari Pengawasan Rutin Hingga Wabah Mematikan: Dinamika Spatiotemporal, Kesenjangan Diagnostik, dan Pola Kematian Malaria di Daerah Endemik dan Dataran Tinggi Terpencil di Indonesia. DIAGNOSA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan dan Keperawatan, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.59581/diagnosa-widyakarya.v4i1.6086

Emanuela Nirmala; Robby Kayame; Christine P.A. Korwa; Meidy Johana Imbiri; Hardiyanti Hardiyanti; Wahyuni Salewe; Anwar Mallongi, "Dari Pengawasan Rutin Hingga Wabah Mematikan: Dinamika Spatiotemporal, Kesenjangan Diagnostik, dan Pola Kematian Malaria di Daerah Endemik dan Dataran Tinggi Terpencil di Indonesia," DIAGNOSA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan dan Keperawatan, vol. 4, no. 1, 2026.

Emanuela Nirmala; Robby Kayame; Christine P.A. Korwa; Meidy Johana Imbiri; Hardiyanti Hardiyanti; Wahyuni Salewe; Anwar Mallongi. "Dari Pengawasan Rutin Hingga Wabah Mematikan: Dinamika Spatiotemporal, Kesenjangan Diagnostik, dan Pola Kematian Malaria di Daerah Endemik dan Dataran Tinggi Terpencil di Indonesia." DIAGNOSA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan dan Keperawatan, vol. 4, no. 1, 2026.

Emanuela Nirmala; Robby Kayame; Christine P.A. Korwa; Meidy Johana Imbiri; Hardiyanti Hardiyanti; Wahyuni Salewe; Anwar Mallongi. "Dari Pengawasan Rutin Hingga Wabah Mematikan: Dinamika Spatiotemporal, Kesenjangan Diagnostik, dan Pola Kematian Malaria di Daerah Endemik dan Dataran Tinggi Terpencil di Indonesia." DIAGNOSA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan dan Keperawatan 4, no. 1 (2026).

Emanuela Nirmala, et al. (2026) 'Dari Pengawasan Rutin Hingga Wabah Mematikan: Dinamika Spatiotemporal, Kesenjangan Diagnostik, dan Pola Kematian Malaria di Daerah Endemik dan Dataran Tinggi Terpencil di Indonesia', DIAGNOSA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan dan Keperawatan, 4(1). doi: 10.59581/diagnosa-widyakarya.v4i1.6086.

Emanuela Nirmala; Robby Kayame; Christine P.A. Korwa; Meidy Johana Imbiri; Hardiyanti Hardiyanti; Wahyuni Salewe; Anwar Mallongi. Dari Pengawasan Rutin Hingga Wabah Mematikan: Dinamika Spatiotemporal, Kesenjangan Diagnostik, dan Pola Kematian Malaria di Daerah Endemik dan Dataran Tinggi Terpencil di Indonesia. DIAGNOSA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan dan Keperawatan. 2026;4(1).

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